Table 2.
Results of simple meta-regression analyses with BCTs and further study characteristics as predictors of 45 effect sizes from physical activity interventions
| Moderator | k | β | 95% CI | Percentage reduction in heterogeneity (I2)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single BCTa | ||||
| 1.1 Goal setting | 37 | −0.050 | (−0.160, 0.059) | 0.00% |
| 1.2 Problem solving | 35 | 0.015 | (−0.065, 0.095) | 0.00% |
| 1.3 Goal setting outcome | 6 | 0.082 | (−0.207, 0.372) | 0.17% |
| 1.4 Action planning | 24 | −0.034 | (−0.147, 0.079) | 0.00% |
| 1.5 Review behavior goal(s) | 14 | 0.090 | (−0.098, 0.278) | 0.61% |
| 1.6 Discrepancy between current behavior and goal | 6 | −0.084# | (−0.174, 0.007) | 1.17% |
| 2.2 Feedback on behavior | 16 | 0.042 | (−0.087, 0.171) | 0.31% |
| 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior | 34 | 0.085# | (−0.013, 0.182) | 5.15% |
| 3.1 Social support (unspecified) | 37 | 0.011 | (−0.089, 0.110) | 0.18% |
| 3.2 Social support (practical) | 5 | −0.018 | (−0.170, 0.134) | 0.20% |
| 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior | 34 | −0.029 | (−0.137, 0.079) | 0.00% |
| 5.1 Information about health consequences | 11 | −0.093* | (−0.183, −0.002) | 1.92% |
| 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences | 22 | −0.092# | (−0.199, 0.015) | 1.16% |
| 5.6 Information about emotional consequences | 7 | −0.097* | (−0.184, −0.010) | 0.92% |
| 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior | 19 | −0.004 | (−0.120, 0.111) | 0.02% |
| 6.2 Social comparison | 9 | −0.143*** | (−0.203, −0.083) | 1.83% |
| 7.1 Prompts/cues | 9 | 0.170* | (0.003, 0.336) | 1.75% |
| 7.3 Reduce prompts/cues | 11 | 0.224* | (0.045, 0.404) | 7.92% |
| 8.1 Behavioral practice/rehearsal | 32 | −0.105 | (−0.236, 0.026) | 1.46% |
| 8.7 Graded tasks | 20 | 0.203** | (0.057, 0.348) | 4.33% |
| 9.1 Credible source | 6 | −0.014 | (−0.092, 0.065) | 0.01% |
| 9.2 Pros and cons | 6 | −0.002 | (−0.403, 0.399) | 0.12% |
| 10.3 Nonspecific reward | 10 | 0.322*** | (0.140, 0.504) | 11.41% |
| 10.4 Social reward | 12 | 0.274** | (0.098, 0.450) | 5.92% |
| 10.9 Self-reward | 6 | 0.325 | (−0.231, 0.881) | 2.06% |
| 12.3 Avoidance/reducing exposure to cues for the behavior | 6 | 0.220 | (−0.107, 0.546) | 1.95% |
| 12.5 Adding objects to the environment | 28 | 0.077 | (−0.039, 0.193) | 1.87% |
| Number of BCTs | ||||
| Overall number of BCTs uniquely applied in IG | 45 | 0.005 | (−0.007, 0.017) | 1.29% |
| Number of BCTs applied from the group of those significantly associated with larger treatment effectsc | 45 | 0.066*** | (0.032, 0.101) | 8.59% |
| Number of BCTs applied from the group of those significantly associated with smaller treatment effectsd | 45 | −0.042*** | (−0.064, −0.021) | 1.87% |
Notes:
Only results for BCTs involved in k≥5 effects sizes (or used in ≥5 IGs) are reported;
compared to the model without moderator;
BCTs 7.1, 7.3, 8.7, 10.3, 10.4;
BCTs 5.3, 5.6, 6.2.
P≤0.10,
P≤0.05,
P≤0.01,
P≤0.001 (based on robust estimation). k, number of interventions where a specific BCT was present; b, estimated meta-regression coefficient for the comparison of effect size with BCT present vs absent; I2, percentage of residual heterogeneity, test for residual heterogeneity was significant (P<0.001) for all BCTs.
Abbreviations: BCT, Behavior Change Technique; CI, confidence interval; IG, intervention group.