TABLE 3.

Sleep outcomes from measures conducted across the 7-d testing period in healthy young adults^1,2

	Breakfast	Skip
Measured
TST, min	381 ± 13*	417 ± 14
Sleep efficiency, %	99 ± 0	98 ± 0
Orexin-A, pg/mL
Fasting	0.89 ± 0.07	1.05 ± 0.18
Afternoon	1.31 ± 0.3	0.89 ± 0.06
Perceived
Sleep quality, mm	73 ± 3†	63 ± 5
Sleep onset, min	12 ± 2†	16 ± 4
Number of awakenings, min	5.2 ± 1.5	6.3 ± 1.5
AUC, mm × 420 min
Daytime sleepiness	−968 ± 1848	−797 ± 2324
Daytime energy	2570 ± 1909	2022 ± 2111

¹Values are means ± SEMs, n = 13. *Different from Skip, P < 0.05. ^†Trend for difference compared with Skip, P = 0.060–0.077. Breakfast, consumption of a high-protein breakfast; Skip, skipping breakfast; TST, total sleep time.

²Repeated-measures ANOVA, P < 0.05.