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. 2018 Oct 29;9:1509. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01509

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Copyright © 2018 Santuz, Ekizos, Janshen, Mersmann, Bohm, Baltzopoulos and Arampatzis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Exemplary motor modules and motor primitives of the four fundamental synergies for human running (one trial). The motor modules are presented on a normalized y-axis base. For the motor primitives, the x-axis full scale represents the averaged gait cycle (with stance and swing normalized to the same amount of points and divided by a vertical line) and the y-axis the normalized amplitude. Muscle abbreviations: ME, gluteus medius; MA, gluteus maximus; FL, tensor fasci lat; RF, rectus femoris; VM, vastus medialis; VL, vastus lateralis; ST, semitendinosus; BF, biceps femoris; TA, tibialis anterior; PL, peroneus longus; GM, gastrocnemius medialis; GL, gastrocnemius lateralis; SO, soleus.