Table 1. Status of methods for developmental genetics in various nematode species.

C. elegans method	C. briggsae	C. nigoni	C. remanei	C. brenneri	C. tropicalis	O. tipulae	P. pacificus	Other Rhabditida
Forward mutagenesis: Spontaneous	Nigon and Dougherty (1950)
Forward mutagenesis: Chemical	Hill et al. (2006)		a		Le et al. (2017)	Félix et al. (2000b)	Sommer and Sternberg (1996)	In Auanema rhodensis Tandonnet et al. 2018)
Forward mutagenesis: Insertional	Winter et al. (2007)
Positional cloning of a novel mutation	Guo et al. (2009)					Besnard et al. (2017)	Eizinger and Sommer (1997)
RNA interference	Kuwabara (1996)	Ting et al. (2014)	Haag and Kimble (2000)	Winston et al. (2007)b	Nuez and Félix (2012)		Cinkornpumin and Hong (2011)	In Diploscapter species Fradin et al. (2017)
Nontargeted gene deletion	Hill et al. (2006)						Gutierrez and Sommer (2007)
Genome editing: TALENs	Wei et al. (2014a)	Lo et al. (2013)			Wei et al. (2014a)		Lo et al. (2013)
Genome editing: Zinc finger nucleases	Wood et al. (2011)
Genome editing: CRISPR			Yin et al. (2018)			Vargas-Velazquez et al. (2018)	Witte et al. (2015)
Transgenesis: Injection	Félix (2007)	Nuez and Félix (2012)	Nuez and Félix (2012)	Nuez and Félix (2012)	Nuez and Félix (2012)		Schlager et al. (2009)
Transgenesis: Bombardment	Zhao et al. (2010), Semple et al. (2010)		Semple et al. (2012)	Semple et al. (2012)			Namai and Sugimoto (2018)
mRNA in situ hybridization	Lin et al. (2009)		Coroian et al. (2006)			Barkoulas et al. (2016)	Rudel et al. (2008)
Immunohistochemistry	Dufourcq et al. (1999)		Geldziler et al. (2006)	Jud et al. (2007)		Louvet-Vallee et al. (2003)	Jungblut and Sommer (2000)	Several species Fitch and Emmons (1995)

Methods for perturbing or measuring gene activity in C. elegans (left column) have been employed successfully in a number of other free-living nematodes. The reference given is generally the first published example, but others often exist.

^aNo published studies, but C. remanei dpy and unc mutants (isolated by K.L. Chow lab at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) are available from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (https://cgc.umn.edu).

^bSusceptible only via gonadal injection.