Table 3.

Novel non-minimally invasive robotic systems

Device	Developer	Features	Clinical use
Avicenna Roboflex	ELMED (Turkey)	Robotic FURS hand piece manipulator, open surgeon console, increased deflexion range	Retrograde intrarenal surgery, CE approval, human trials, FDA approval pending
Medical Microinstruments	Medical Microinstruments (Italy)	World’s smallest robotic articulating wrist, 3mm outer diameter	Microsurgery, preclinical trials underway
Preceyes surgical system	Preceyes BV (Eindenhoven, Holland)	Single robotic bedside arm capable of <10micron precision, Intuitive bedside control unit	Vitreoretinal eye surgery, human trials underway, no FDA/CE approval