Table 1. Summary statistics for experiment 1: migratory verses stationary.

Variable	Effect	${\chi }_1^2$	Pa	Sigb
DWV load	Treatment	0.004	0.9512
	Time	39.328	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	0.1592	0.690
DWV prev.	Treatment	0.067	0.796
	Time	15.805	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	0.024	0.878
BQCV load	Treatment	16.488	<0.001	***
	Time	187.235	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	2.229	0.135
Varroa load	Treatment	0.413	0.520
	Time	18.391	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	6.465	0.011	*
Varroa prev.	Treatment	1.290	0.256
	Time	4.896	0.0270	*
	Treatment:Time	3.21	0.073
Nosema load	Treatment	0.645	0.422
	Time	30.855	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	0.280	0.596
Nosema prev.	Treatment	0.007	0.931
	Time	3.652	0.056
	Treatment:Time	3.352	0.067
FOB	Treatment	3.597	0.058
	Time	152.838	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	5.651	0.0174	*

Notes.

DWV load

deformed wing virus load

DWV prev.

deformed wing virus prevalence

BQCV load

black queen cell virus load

Varroa prev.

Varroa prevalence

Nosema prev.

Nosema prevalence

FOB

frames of bees

Prevalence is the percentage of colonies positive for a pathogen (DWV, Nosema, and Varroa). Virus load (DWV and BQCV) results for each colony are presented in average virus genome copies/bee. Nosema load is reported as average number of spores/bee and Varroa is reported as number of mites per 100 bees.

^aSignificance for all models was determined using Type II Wald chi-square tests.

^bAsterisks represent level of significance.