Table 2. Summary statistics for experiment 2: exposed verses isolated.

Variable	Effect	${\chi }_1^2$	Pa	Sig.b
DWV load	Treatment	2.056	0.152
	Time	23.510	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	9.229	0.002	**
DWV prev.	Treatment	0.025	0.874
	Time	8.811	0.003	**
	Treatment:Time	4.945	0.026	*
BQCV load	Treatment	1.355	0.244
	Time	58.001	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	0.054	0.816
Varroa load	Treatment	0.471	0.493
	Time	23.658	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	0.191	0.662
Varroa prev.	Treatment	1.390	0.238
	Time	10.129	0.001	**
	Treatment:Time	0.060	0.806
Nosema load	Treatment	0.882	0.348
	Time	37.926	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	0.260	0.610
Nosema prev.	Treatment	0	0.1
	Time	7.771	0.005	**
	Treatment:Time	0.004	0.950
FOB	Treatment	1.899	0.168
	Time	89.191	<0.001	***
	Treatment:Time	9.946	0.002	**

Notes.

DWV load

deformed wing virus load

DWV prev.

deformed wing virus prevalence

BQCV load

black queen cell virus load

Varroa prev.

Varroa prevalence

Nosema prev.

Nosema prevalence

FOB

frames of bees

Prevalence is the percentage of colonies positive for a pathogen (DWV, Nosema, and Varroa). Virus load (DWV and BQCV) results for each colony are presented in average virus genome copies/bee. Nosema load is reported as average number of spores/bee and Varroa is reported as number of mites per 100 bees.

^aSignificance for all models was determined using Type II Wald chi-square tests.

^bAsterisks represent level of significance.