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. 2018 Oct 29;9:535. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00535

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Copyright © 2018 Casanova, Gerstner, Sharp, Casanova and Feltus.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Major Subgroups. Illustration showing breakdown of the three main groups (autism, epilepsy, and ID only) into smaller clinically-related subgroups. Subgroups were defined according to the presence of complex facial dysmorphia (CFD), neurodegenerative-like features (NLF), simple facial dysmorphia (SFD), or a lack of these same features (i.e., “none”). As shown in the lower portion of the image, CFD, and NLF overlapped ~20% of the time, although analyses indicate no clear relationship between the two sets of features, suggesting possible genetic pleiotropy when comorbid.