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(a) Schematic illustration and bright-field photomicrograph of a nanoCFE in the cytoplasm of a single PC12 cell. Scale bar, 20 μm. (b) Adsorption and opening of vesicles collided onto the nanoCFE. (c) Anodic current traces recorded by single-cell amperometry (top) and VIEC (bottom). (d) Typical shape of current traces. (e) Normalized frequency histograms of molecule counts by intracellular VICE (red) and single-cell amperometry (black). Reprint with permission from ref (20).
