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Foliar spray of nanoceria under drought has improved the carbon assimilation rates. (a) Chlorophyll index (SPAD units), (b) PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm ratio; unit less), (c) stomatal conductance (mmol H2O m–2 s–1), and (d) carbon assimilation rates (μmol CO2 m–2 s–1). Each value is the mean ± SE of 10 independent measurements (five replications × two experiment). Means with different letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05.
