Table 1.

The function of IL-32 isoforms in different cell type.

Cell type	IL-32 isoform	Targets	Function	Reference
U937 and monocyte-derived DCs	IL-32β	Increase in IL-10 production	Anti-inflammatory effects	[65]
Tumor cells	IL-32β	Decrease IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and increase IL-10 production	Tumor growth	[78]
Myeloid cells and U937 cells	IL-32β	Increase in IL-10 production	Anti-inflammatory effects	[56]
Eosinophils	IL-32γ	Induces production of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and VEGF	Inflammation of allergic rhinitis	[15]
Eosinophils	IL-32γ	Induces IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, CD18, and ICAM-1	Interacts with NOD1 or NOD2; PR3 activation	[79]
Monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages	IL-32γ	TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, GROa/CXCL1, and MCP-1/CCL2, IL-10, and IL-1ra	Activation of ERK1/2, Akt, and Fyn signaling pathways	[80]
PBMC	IL-32α/β	TNF-α, IL-6	—	[57]
Murine macrophage	IL-32α/β	TNF-α, CXCL2	—
THP-1 and RAW264.7	IL-32α/β	TNF-α, IL-8, and, CXCL2	—	[3, 62]
THP-1 cells	IL-32γ	Induces TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-8, and IL-6	Activation of p38, caspase-1 and NF-κB pathways	[16]
THP-1 cells	IL-32γ	TNF-α, IL-23, CXCL1, CXCL8, and IL-1β	PI3K/Akt/P300/NF-κB signaling pathways	[81]
Endothelial cells	IL-32α/β/ε	ICAM-1, IL-1α, IL-8, and IL-6	Vascular inflammation	[68]
PBMC/precursors	IL-32α	Activates Akt, JNK, ERK1/2, and NF-κB pathways	Cell differentiation	[10]
Murine DC	IL-32γ	Suppresses the production of CCL5	Driving acquired immunity	[82]
Murine bone marrow–derived DCs	IL-32γ	IL-6 and IL-12	Driving acquired immunity	[83]
PBMCs, CD4+ T cells, CD163+ macrophages, Treg cells, and DCs	IL-32γ	IDO and ILT4	Immunosuppression	[35]
Monocyte-derived macrophages	IL-32γ	Induce cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 (DEFB4)	Microbicidal activity	[84]
PBMC	IL-32γ	IFNλ1	Antiviral activity	[85]
T cells, epithelial cells, THP-1, and tumor cells	IL-32γ/β	Caspase-3, Caspase-8	Cell apoptosis	[12, 27]
THP-1 cells	IL-32θ	Suppresses the production of CCL5	Modulators of inflammation	[86]
THP-1 cells	IL-32θ	Decreases TNF-α	p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways	[28]