Table 1.
Patient and Cardiac Arrest Characteristics by Hypotension Groupa
| Any Hypotension at 0–6 h | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 292) | No (n = 214) | Yes (n = 78) | P Value |
| Age at randomization, median (IQR), mo | 23.0(5.0–105.0) | 25.5 (7.0–96.0) | 14.0 (3.0–145.0) | .18b |
| Male, No. (%) | 194 (66.4) | 138 (64.5) | 56(71.8) | .24c |
| Race, No. (%) | ||||
| Black or African American | 65 (22.3) | 49 (22.9) | 16 (20.5) | .90c |
| White | 174 (59.6) | 127 (59.3) | 47 (60.3) | |
| Other or unknown | 53 (18.2) | 38 (17.8) | 15 (19.2) | |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 65 (22.3) | 48 (22.4) | 17 (21.8) | .27c |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 214(73.3) | 154 (72.0) | 60 (76.9) | |
| Unknown | 13 (4.5) | 12 (5.6) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Preexisting chronic conditions, No. (%) | ||||
| None | 150 (51.4) | 119 (55.6) | 31 (39.7) | .02c |
| Prenatal | 36 (12.3) | 28(13.1) | 8(10.3) | .52c |
| Lung or airway disease | 66 (22.6) | 49 (22.9) | 17 (21.8) | .84c |
| Congenital heart disease | 35 (12.0) | 24(11.2) | 11(14.1) | .50c |
| Gastrointestinal tract | 41 (14.0) | 32 (15.0) | 9(11.5) | .46c |
| Neurologic | 49 (16.8) | 36 (16.8) | 13 (16.7) | .98c |
| Other | 71 (24.3) | 46 (21.5) | 25 (32.1) | .06c |
| Night or weekend arrest, No. (%) | 141 (48.3) | 100 (46.7) | 41 (52.6) | .38c |
| Initial cardiac arrest rhythm noted by EMS or hospital, No. (%) | ||||
| Asystole | 172 (58.9) | 126 (58.9) | 46 (59.0) | .87c |
| Bradycardia | 19 (6.5) | 13 (6.1) | 6 (7.7) | |
| PEA | 42 (14.4) | 29 (13.6) | 13 (16.7) | |
| Ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia | 23 (7.9) | 18 (8.4) | 5 (6.4) | |
| Unknown | 36 (12.3) | 28(13.1) | 8 (10.3) | |
| Primary cause of cardiac arrest, No. (%) | ||||
| Cardiac | 37(12.7) | 22 (10.3) | 15 (19.2) | .01c |
| Respiratory | 211(72.3) | 163 (76.2) | 48 (61.5) | |
| Other | 10 (3.4) | 4 (1.9) | 6 (7.7) | |
| Unknown | 34(11.6) | 25 (11.7) | 9(11.5) | |
| Cardiac arrest witnessed, No. (%) | 108 (37.0) | 75 (35.0) | 33 (42.3) | .51c |
| Bystander chest compressions, No. (%) | 183 (62.7) | 135 (63.1) | 48 (61.5) | .65c |
| Estimated duration of chest compressions, No. (%) | ||||
| ≤15 min | 66 (22.6) | 48 (22.4) | 18 (23.1) | .03c |
| >15to≤30min | 109 (37.3) | 89 (41.6) | 20 (25.6) | |
| >30min | 106 (36.3) | 68 (31.8) | 38 (48.7) | |
| Unable to determine | 11 (3.8) | 9 (4.2) | 2 (2.6) | |
| Total No. of doses of epinephrine administered by EMS and at hospital, No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 19 (6.5) | 18 (8.4) | 1 (1–3) | .02c |
| 1 | 35 (12.0) | 28(13.1) | 7 (9.0) | |
| 2 | 51 (17.5) | 40 (18.7) | 11 (14.1) | |
| 3 | 40 (13.7) | 29 (13.6) | 11 (14.1) | |
| 4 | 41 (14.0) | 30 (14.0) | 11 (14.1) | |
| >4 | 76 (26.0) | 45 (21.0) | 31 (39.7) | |
| Missing | 30 (10.3) | 24(11.2) | 6 (7.7) | |
| Time from ROSC to TTM initiation, median (IQR), h [No. of participants] | 5.8 (5.1–6.5) [292] | 5.8(5.1–6.6) [214] | 5.9 (5.1–6.4) [78] | .74b |
| Treatment received, No. (%) | ||||
| Hypothermia | 153 (52.4) | 115 (53.7) | 38 (48.7) | .45c |
| Normothermia | 139 (47.6) | 99 (46.3) | 40 (51.3) | |
| Burden of hypotension, median (IQR), % [No. of participants] | 0.0 (0.0–13.4) [292] | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) [214] | 31.0 (16.7–60.0) [78] | <.001b |
| Maximum measured lactate level, median (IQR), mmol/L [No. of participants] | 4.7 (2.5–7.8) [238] | 3.6(2.0–6.6) [171] | 7.5 (4.2–11.5) [67] | <.001b |
| Minimum measured lactate level, median (IQR), mmol/L [No. of participants] | 3.7 (1.8–6.7) [238] | 3.0 (1.5–5.1) [171] | 5.7 (3.2–8.7) [67] | <.001b |
| No medications, No. (%) | 110 (37.7) | 96 (44.9) | 14(17.9) | <.001c |
| No. of vasoactive agents administered, No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 129 (44.2) | 111(51.9) | 18(23.1) | <.001c |
| 1 | 80 (27.4) | 60 (28.0) | 20 (25.6) | |
| 2 | 70 (24.0) | 38 (17.8) | 32 (41.0) | |
| 3 | 13 (4.5) | 5 (2.3) | 8 (10.3) | |
| Milrinone administered, No. (%) | 28 (9.6) | 16 (7.5) | 12 (15.4) | .04c |
| Corticosteroids administered. No. (%) | 39 (13.4) | 18 (8.4) | 21 (26.9) | <.001c |
| Vasopressin administered, No. (%) | 42 (14.4) | 25(11.7) | 17 (21.8) | .03c |
Abbreviations: EMS, emergency medical services; IQR, interquartile range; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; TTM, targeted temperature management.
a
Indicates hypotension at 0 to 6 hours. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.
b
Calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
c
Calculated using the χ2 test of no association.