Table 3.
Patient and Cardiac Arrest Characteristics by Hypotension Groupa
| Any Hypotension at 0–72 h | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 292) | No (n = 131) | Yes (n = 161) | P Value |
| Age at randomization, median (IQR), mo | 23.0 (5.0–105.0) | 18.0(5.0–55.0) | 25.0(5.0–146.0) | .049b |
| Male, No. (%) | 194 (66.4) | 85 (64.9) | 109 (67.7) | .61c |
| Race, No. (%) | ||||
| Black or African American | 65 (22.3) | 30 (22.9) | 35 (21.7) | .89c |
| White | 174 (59.6) | 79 (60.3) | 95 (59.0) | |
| Other or unknown | 53 (18.2) | 22 (16.8) | 31 (19.3) | |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 65 (22.3) | 26 (19.8) | 39 (24.2) | .15c |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 214(73.3) | 96 (73.3) | 118 (73.3) | |
| Unknown | 13 (4.5) | 9 (6.9) | 4 (2.5) | |
| Preexisting chronic conditions, No. (%) | ||||
| None | 150 (51.4) | 78 (59.5) | 72 (44.7) | .01c |
| Prenatal | 36 (12.3) | 20 (15.3) | 16 (9.9) | .17c |
| Lung or airway disease | 66 (22.6) | 29(22.1) | 37 (23.0) | .86c |
| Congenital heart disease | 35 (12.0) | 14 (10.7) | 21(13.0) | .54c |
| Gastrointestinal tract | 41 (14.0) | 21 (16.0) | 20 (12.4) | .38c |
| Neurologic | 49 (16.8) | 20 (15.3) | 29 (18.0) | .53c |
| Other | 71 (24.3) | 24 (18.3) | 47 (29.2) | .03c |
| Night or weekend arrest, No. (%) | 141 (48.3) | 60 (45.8) | 81 (50.3) | .44c |
| Initial cardiac arrest rhythm noted by EMS or hospital, No. (%) | ||||
| Asystole | 172 (58.9) | 82 (62.6) | 90 (55.9) | .61c |
| Bradycardia | 19 (6.5) | 8 (6.1) | 11 (6.8) | |
| PEA | 42 (14.4) | 19 (14.5) | 23 (14.3) | |
| Ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia | 23 (7.9) | 7 (5.3) | 16 (9.9) | |
| Unknown | 36 (12.3) | 15 (11.5) | 21 (13.0) | |
| Primary cause of cardiac arrest, No. (%) | ||||
| Cardiac | 37(12.7) | 11 (8.4) | 26 (16.1) | <.001c |
| Respiratory | 211 (72.3) | 109 (83.2) | 102 (63.4) | |
| Other | 10 (3.4) | 0 | 10 (6.2) | |
| Unknown | 34 (11.6) | 11 (8.4) | 23 (14.3) | |
| Cardiac arrest witnessed, No. (%) | 108 (37.0) | 38 (29.0) | 70 (43.5) | .009c |
| Chest compressions administered by bystander, No. (%) | 183 (62.7) | 94 (71.8) | 89 (55.3) | .01c |
| Estimated duration of chest compressions, No. (%) | ||||
| ≤15 min | 66 (22.6) | 24 (18.3) | 42 (26.1) | .053c |
| >15to≤30min | 109 (37.3) | 60 (45.8) | 49 (30.4) | |
| >30min | 106 (36.3) | 42 (32.1) | 64 (39.8) | |
| Unable to be determined | 11 (3.8) | 5 (3.8) | 6 (3.7) | |
| Total No. of doses of epinephrine administered by EMS and at hospital, No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 19 (6.5) | 9 (6.9) | 10 (6.2) | .57c |
| 1 | 35 (12.0) | 18 (13.7) | 17 (10.6) | |
| 2 | 51 (17.5) | 24 (18.3) | 27 (16.8) | |
| 3 | 40 (13.7) | 21 (16.0) | 19 (11.8) | |
| 4 | 41 (14.0) | 17 (13.0) | 24 (14.9) | |
| >4 | 76 (26.0) | 28 (21.4) | 48 (29.8) | |
| Missing | 30 (10.3) | 14 (10.7) | 16 (9.9) | |
| Time from ROSC to TTM initiation, median (IQR), h [No. of participants] | 5.8 (5.1–6.5) [292] | 5.8(5.2–6.6) [131] | 5.8 (5.0–6.5) [161] | .47b |
| Treatment received, No. (%) | ||||
| Hypothermia | 153 (52.4) | 67 (51.1) | 86 (53.4) | .70c |
| Normothermia | 139 (47.6) | 64 (48.9) | 75 (46.6) | |
| Burden of hypotension, median (IQR), % [No. of participants] | (292)1.4 (0.0–7.8) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) [131] | 6.7 (2.9–18.8) [161] | <.001b |
| Maximum measured lactate level, median (IQR), mmol/L [No. of participants] | 4.4 (2.3–7.7) [285] | 3.9(1.9–6.1) [128] | 5.3 (2.8–9.0) [157] | <.001b |
| Minimum measured lactate level, median (IQR), mmol/L [No. of participants] | 1.2 (0.8–2.1) [285] | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) [128] | 1.2 (0.8–2.6) [157] | .16c |
| No medications, No. (%) | 78 (26.7) | 50 (38.2) | 28 (17.4) | <.001c |
| No. of vasoactive agents administered, No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 98 (33.6) | 59 (45.0) | 39 (24.2) | <.001c |
| 1 | 77 (26.4) | 38 (29.0) | 39 (24.2) | |
| 2 | 100 (34.2) | 28 (21.4) | 72 (44.7) | |
| 3 | 17 (5.8) | 6 (4.6) | 11 (6.8) | |
| Milrinone administered, No. (%) | 36 (12.3) | 11 (8.4) | 25 (15.5) | .07c |
| Corticosteroids administered. No. (%) | 57(19.5) | 16(12.2) | 41 (25.5) | .004c |
| Vasopressin administered, No. (%) | 68 (23.3) | 26 (19.8) | 42 (26.1) | .21c |
Abbreviations: EMS, emergency medical services; IQR, interquartile range; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; TTM, targeted temperature management.
a
Indicates hypotension at 0 to 72 hours. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.
b
Calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
c
Calculated using the χ2 test of no association.