TABLE 2.
Descriptive statistics for psychosocial outcomes and neurocognitive skills
| Hearing Status |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CI |
NH |
|||||
| Measures | N | M (SD) | Range | N | M (SD) | Range |
| Psychosocial questionnaires | ||||||
| BASC indices | ||||||
| Externalizing problem | 57 | 49.81 (9.39) | 36.00–76.00 | 53 | 44.26 (6.45) | 35.00–61.00 |
| Internalizing problem | 57 | 48.47 (9.87) | 34.00–78.00 | 53 | 44.49 (8.44) | 34.00–77.00 |
| Behavioral symptoms | 57 | 52.05 (10.48) | 33.00–85.00 | 53 | 43.72 (6.29) | 34.00–59.00 |
| Adaptive skills | 57 | 45.49 (10.63) | 16.00–69.00 | 53 | 54.66 (8.72) | 38.00–69.00 |
| CHAOS subscales | ||||||
| Conduct problems | 57 | 0.44 (1.50) | 0.00–10.00 | 52 | 0.38 (1.12) | 0.00–7.00 |
| Hyperactivity–impulsivity | 57 | 4.05 (3.61) | 0.00–13.00 | 52 | 1.77 (2.17) | 0.00–9.00 |
| Attention problems | 57 | 4.09 (3.68) | 0.00–15.00 | 52 | 2.08 (2.37) | 0.00–10.00 |
| Oppositional behavior | 57 | 3.49 (3.55) | 0.00–15.00 | 52 | 1.90 (2.60) | 0.00–12.00 |
| Neurocognitive composite scores | ||||||
| Language | ||||||
| PPVT-4 | 57 | 89.91 (20.66) | 42.00–124.00 | 53 | 113.96 (16.07) | 79.00–146.00 |
| CELF-core | 52 | 88.75 (24.52) | 42.00–124.00 | 53 | 112.34 (10.95) | 81.00–129.00 |
| Verbal working memory | ||||||
| WISC-III digit span forward | 56 | 7.00 (2.78) | 2.00–12.00 | 53 | 10.26 (3.13) | 4.00–15.00 |
| WISC-III digit span backward | 56 | 8.41 (3.04) | 1.00–16.00 | 53 | 10.15 (3.44) | 5.00–17.00 |
| WISC-IV-I visual digit span forward | 57 | 8.51 (3.02) | 1.00–15.00 | 53 | 11.87 (2.30) | 2.00–15.00 |
| Visual–spatial working memory | ||||||
| WISC-IV-I spatial span forward | 57 | 9.77 (2.67) | 5.00–16.00 | 53 | 10.98 (2.81) | 6.00–17.00 |
| WISC-IV-I spatial span backward | 56 | 10.89 (2.71) | 5.00–16.00 | 53 | 11.49 (2.51) | 5.00–16.00 |
| Fluency–speed | ||||||
| WJ-III pair cancellation | 57 | 99.02 (11.36) | 66.00–127.00 | 53 | 102.60 (8.50) | 73.00–120.00 |
| WISC-IV-I coding | 57 | 8.58 (2.87) | 2.00–15.00 | 53 | 9.74 (2.94) | 5.00–17.00 |
| WISC-IV-I coding copy | 57 | 9.40 (2.95) | 2.00–16.00 | 52 | 10.49 (3.14) | 4.00–18.00 |
| Inhibition–concentration | ||||||
| TOVA omissions | 53 | 83.91 (22.64) | 40.00–136.00 | 51 | 97.86 (13.65) | 63.00–123.00 |
| TOVA commissions | 53 | 78.04 (26.87) | 40.00–113.00 | 51 | 92.51 (19.48) | 40.00–113.00 |
| TOVA response time variability | 53 | 83.68 (22.75) | 40.00–119.00 | 51 | 95.12 (16.65) | 40.00–123.00 |
BASC index scores are expressed as t scores (M = 50, SD = 10), and CHAOS subscale scores are expressed as raw scores. The PPVT-4, CELF-core, WJ-III pair cancellation, TOVA omissions, TOVA commissions, and TOVA response time variability scores are expressed as standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15), while all other neurocognitive assessments are expressed as scaled scores (M = 10, SD = 3).
BASC, Behavior Assessment System for Children; CELF, Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals; CHAOS, Conduct Hyperactive Attention Problem Oppositional Symptom; CI, cochlear implant; NH, normal hearing; PPVT-4, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth edition; SD, standard deviation; TOVA, Test of Variables of Attention; WJ-III, Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Third Edition; WISC-III, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition; WISC-IV-I, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, Integrated.