. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 20.

Published in final edited form as: Int Rev Neurobiol. 2018 Sep 20;141:211–250. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.027

Table 2.

Summary of AChE activity brain PET studies in PD and parkinsonian dementia.

Reference	AChE ligand	Population	Main findings and clinical correlates
(N. I. Bohnen et al., 2003)	[¹¹C]-PMP AChE	PD, PDD, DLB	Mean cortical reductions of 12.9% in PD, 19.8% in PDD and 20.2% in DLB patients compared to normal control subjects.
(Shinotoh et al., 1999)	[¹¹C]-MP4A AChE	PD/PDD	Significant cortical reduction of 17.0% and non-significant thalamic reduction of 13% in PD patients compared to normal control subjects.
(Hilker et al., 2005)	[¹¹C]-MP4A AChE	PD, PDD	Global cortical MP4A binding was severely reduced in PDD (29.7%) and moderately decreased in PD (10.7%) compared to controls. Voxel-based analysis showed that patients with PDD had significantly lower MP4A binding in the left inferior parietal lobule, the left precentral gyrus, and in the right posterior cingulate gyrus in comparison with PD.
(N. I. Bohnen et al., 2009)	[¹¹C]-PMP AChE	PD	Average cortical and thalamic reductions compared to control subjects were 10.7% and 6.4%, respectively.
(Shimada et al., 2009)	[¹¹C]-MP4A AChE	D, PDD/DLB	Average cortical reductions of 12% in the PD and 27% in the PDD/DLB patients.
(Klein et al., 2010)	[¹¹C]-MP4A AChE	PD, PDD, DLB	Mean global cortical reductions of 22.6% in PD, 33.2% in PDD and 22.2% in DLB patients compared to normal control subjects. Occipital cortex reductions were 15.6% in PD, 35.6% in PDD and 26.0% in DLB patients. Patients with PDD and DLB showed decreasing signal from frontal to occipital regions.
(Gilman et al., 2010)	[¹¹C]-PMP AChE	PD	Mean cortical reduction of 15.3% compared to normal control subjects. There were some regional cortical AChE binding reduction differences in the DLB compared to the normal control subjects: anterior cingulum (−13.6%), lateral frontal (−13.3%), superior lateral parietal lobe (−17.1%), inferior lateral parietal lobe (−17.9%), superior lateral temporal (−21.5%), inferior lateral temporal (−15.1%), amygdala (−17.0%) and hippocampus (−13.9%). Subcortical estimates (using arterial input function): striatum (−10.5%), cerebellum (−22.9%), pons (10.5%), mesencephalon (−11.5%) and thalamus (−14.7%).
(N. I. Bohnen et al., 2012)	[¹¹C]-PMP AChE	PD	Average cortical and thalamic reductions compared to control subjects were 10.3% and 9.5%, respectively.
(Hiraoka et al., 2012)	[¹¹C]-donepezil AChE	PDD	Mean cortical reduction of 22.7% compared to normal control subjects.
(Shimada et al., 2015)	[¹¹C]-MP4A AChE	DLB	Mean cortical reduction of 27.8% compared to normal control subjects and substantially more than patients with AD. There were some regional cortical AChE binding reduction differences in the DLB patients compared to the normal control subjects: anterior cingulum (−14.8%), frontal (−25.3%), temporal (−30.9%), parietal lobe (−31.2%) and occipital lobe (−29.5%), posterior cingulum (−31.2%).
(Kotagal, Muller, Kaufer, Koeppe, & Bohnen, 2012)	[¹¹C]-PMP AChE	PD, PDD, DLB	Compared to normal control subjects, reduced thalamic AChE binding was noted in patients with PD (−12.8%), PDD (−19.8%), and DLB (−17.4%).