Table 2:
Medications used by the study population and their association with persistent post-surgical pain after cataract surgery (defined as a Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 score of 6 or greater)
| PPP (n=41) |
WoPPP (n=78) |
Odds ratio (yes/no) |
95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systemic | |||||
| Antihistamine, n (%) | 14 (34%) | 6 (8%) | 6.22 | 2.17–17.8 | 0.0003 |
| Analgesic (opioids, acetaminophen, NSAID), n (%) | 12 (29%) | 16 (21%) | 1.60 | 0.67–3.82 | 0.29 |
| Ocular | |||||
| Artificial tears on record, n (%) | 7 (17%) | 2 (3%) | 7.82 | 1.54–39.6 | 0.008 |
| Lifitegrast/cyclosporine, n (%) | 6 (15%) | 2 (3%) | 6.51 | 1.25–33.9 | 0.02 |
| Glaucoma medications, n (%) | 8 (20%) | 10 (13%) | 1.65 | 0.60–4.56 | 0.34 |
| Immunomodulator (oral or topical), n (%) | 12 (29%) | 11 (14%) | 2.52 | 1.00–6.37 | 0.051 |
| AREDS/Lutein, n (%) | 1 (2%) | 15 (19%) | 0.11 | 0.01–0.83 | 0.01 |
| Vascular | |||||
| Antihypertensive, n (%) | 25 (61%) | 43 (55%) | 1.27 | 0.59–2.75 | 0.54 |
| Diabetes medications, n (%) | 6 (15%) | 12 (15%) | 0.94 | 0.33–2.73 | 0.91 |
| Lipid lowering agents, n (%) | 21 (51%) | 41 (53%) | 0.95 | 0.45–2.02 | 0.89 |
| Antiplatelet, n (%) | 16 (39%) | 30 (39%) | 1.02 | 0.47–2.22 | 0.95 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 3 (7%) | 6 (8%) | 0.95 | 0.22–4.00 | 1.00 |
| Respiratory | |||||
| Inhaler, n (%) | 10 (24%) | 11 (14%) | 1.97 | 0.76–5.11 | 0.17 |
| Montelukast, n (%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (4%) | 1.97 | 0.38–10.2 | 0.41 |
| Gastrointestinal | |||||
| Anti-reflux (PPI, antacid), n (%) | 15 (37%) | 15 (19%) | 2.42 | 1.04–5.66 | 0.04 |
| Psychiatric | |||||
| Antidepressant, n (%) | 15 (37%) | 12 (15%) | 3.17 | 1.31–7.68 | 0.01 |
| Anxiolytic, n (%) | 9 (22%) | 6 (8) | 3.38 | 1.11–10.3 | 0.03 |
| Anti-insomnia, n (%) | 5 (12%) | 2 (3%) | 5.28 | 0.98–28.5 | 0.047 |
| Neurologic | |||||
| Calcium channel alpha 2 delta ligands (gabapentin, pregabalin), n (%) | 10 (24%) | 2 (3%) | 12.3 | 2.54–59.2 | 0.0004 |
| Antiepileptic, n (%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (4%) | 0.63 | 0.06–6.21 | 1.00 |
| Rheumatologic | |||||
| Anti-gout, n (%) | 2 (5%) | 3 (4%) | 1.28 | 0.21–8.00 | 1.00 |
| Endocrine | |||||
| Thyroid replacement, n (%) | 9 (22%) | 16 (21%) | 1.09 | 0.43–2.74 | 0.86 |
| HRT, n (%) | 3 (7%) | 4 (5%) | 1.46 | 0.31–6.86 | 0.69 |
PPP: Persistent Post-surgical Pain, WoPPP: Without Persistent Post-surgical Pain, CI: Confidence Interval, NSAID: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, AREDS: Age Related Eye Disease Study, PPI: Proton Pump Inhibitor, HRT: Hormone Replacement Therapy