Table 2 –
Factors associated with chronic kidney disease on antiretroviral therapy
| Covariate | CKD | Patient years follow up | Rate per 1000pt/yrs (95%CI) | Univariate HR (95%CI) | p | Multivariate HR (95%CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 37 | 10900.5 | 3.39 (2.46 - 4.68) | ||||
| Current tenofovir use^ | |||||||
| No | 24 | 8494.6 | 2.83 (1.89 - 4.22) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 13 | 2405.9 | 5.40 (3.14 - 9.31) | 2.38 (1.10 - 5.12) | 0.03 | 2.59 (1.06 - 6.33) | 0.04 |
| Baseline age^ | |||||||
| Per 5 years older | 37 | 10900.5 | 3.39 (2.46 - 4.68) | 1.40 (1.19 - 1.64) | <0.01 | 1.34 (1.12 - 1.61) | <0.01 |
| Sex^ | |||||||
| Male | 24 | 7604.9 | 3.16 (2.12 - 4.71) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 13 | 3295.5 | 3.94 (2.29 - 6.79) | 1.46 (0.69 - 3.09) | 0.33 | 1.68 (0.80 - 3.55) | 0.17 |
| Baseline weight (kg) | |||||||
| <55 | 13 | 4152.2 | 3.13 (1.82 - 5.39) | 1.00 | |||
| 55 - 65 | 12 | 3323.7 | 3.61 (2.05 - 6.36) | 1.17 (0.53 - 2.61) | 0.69 | ||
| >65 | 4 | 2146.2 | 1.86 (0.70 - 4.97) | 0.53 (0.17 - 1.68) | 0.28 | ||
| Unknown | 8 | 1278.4 | 6.26 (3.13 - 12.51) | - | |||
| Baseline eGFR^ | |||||||
| 61-89 ml/min/1.73m2 | 22 | 2986.2 | 7.37 (4.85 - 11.19) | 4.25 (2.09 - 8.63) | <0.01 | 2.69 (1.29 - 5.62) | 0.01 |
| >89 ml/min/1.73m2 | 15 | 7914.3 | 1.90 (1.14 - 3.14) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| HIV exposure | |||||||
| Heterosexual | 26 | 6623.5 | 3.93 (2.67 - 5.77) | 1.00 | |||
| Homosexual | 5 | 2634.6 | 1.90 (0.79 - 4.56) | 0.22 (0.07 - 0.67) | 0.01 | ||
| IDU/Other | 6 | 1642.4 | 3.65 (1.64 - 8.13) | 0.72 (0.27 - 1.92) | 0.52 | ||
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 34 | 10451.8 | 3.25 (2.32 - 4.55) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 3 | 448.7 | 6.69 (2.16 - 20.73) | 2.82 (0.69 - 11.56) | 0.15 | ||
| Hepatitis B surface antigen status | |||||||
| Negative | 27 | 8812.2 | 3.06 (2.10 - 4.47) | 1.00 | |||
| Positive | 1 | 950.1 | 1.05 (0.15 - 7.47) | 0.35 (0.05 - 2.57) | 0.30 | ||
| Unknown | 9 | 1138.2 | 7.91 (4.11 - 15.20) | - | |||
| Hepatitis C antibody status | |||||||
| Negative | 25 | 7771.5 | 3.22 (2.17 - 4.76) | 1.00 | |||
| Positive | 3 | 1155.4 | 2.60 (0.84 - 8.05) | 1.03 (0.24 - 4.44) | 0.97 | ||
| Unknown | 9 | 1973.6 | 4.56 (2.37 - 8.76) | - | |||
| Current CDC category | |||||||
| Stage 1 | 13 | 4908.2 | 2.65 (1.54 - 4.56) | 1.00 | |||
| Stage 2 | 7 | 2090.0 | 3.35 (1.60 - 7.03) | 1.07 (0.30 - 3.75) | 0.92 | ||
| Stage 3 | 17 | 3902.3 | 4.36 (2.71 - 7.01) | 1.68 (0.83 - 3.41) | 0.15 | ||
| Nadir CD4 cell count (cells/mm3)^ | |||||||
| >200 | 8 | 3270.4 | 2.45 (1.22 - 4.89) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 100 - 200 | 8 | 3284.7 | 2.44 (1.22 - 4.87) | 1.21 (0.43 - 3.42) | 0.72 | 1.35 (0.46 - 3.94) | 0.58 |
| <100 | 21 | 4179.2 | 5.02 (3.28 - 7.71) | 2.53 (1.08 - 5.93) | 0.03 | 3.07 (1.33 - 7.06) | 0.01 |
| Unknown | 0 | 166.2 | 0.00 (0.00 - 0.00) | - | - | ||
| Current CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | |||||||
| >500 | 7 | 3211.3 | 2.18 (1.04 - 4.57) | 1.00 | |||
| 350 - 500 | 5 | 2776.8 | 1.80 (0.75 - 4.33) | 0.75 (0.25 - 2.23) | 0.60 | ||
| <350 | 24 | 4809.5 | 4.99 (3.34 - 7.44) | 1.63 (0.68 - 3.91) | 0.27 | ||
| Unknown | 1 | 102.9 | 9.72 (1.37 - 69.00) | - | |||
| Current HIV viral load^ | |||||||
| Undetectable | 20 | 7749.8 | 2.58 (1.66 - 4.00) | 1.00 | |||
| Detectable | 11 | 1244.4 | 8.84 (4.90 - 15.96) | 2.24 (0.89 - 5.60) | 0.09 | ||
| Unknown | 6 | 1906.3 | 3.15 (1.41 - 7.01) | - | |||
| Current protease inhibitor use^ | |||||||
| No | 20 | 8818.8 | 2.27 (1.46 - 3.52) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 17 | 2081.7 | 8.17 (5.08 - 13.14) | 5.59 (2.53 - 12.34) | <0.01 | 5.22 (2.36 - 11.56) | <0.01 |
| Current nephrotoxic opportunistic infection prophylaxis use | |||||||
| No | 20 | 8282.9 | 2.41 (1.56 - 3.74) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 17 | 2617.5 | 6.49 (4.04 - 10.45) | 2.41 (1.08 - 5.38) | 0.03 |
All models were adjusted for study site but HRs for sites are not shown.
^
Included in final model.
*
IDU and other categories combined as no outcomes in IDU group. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IDU, intravenous drug use; CDC, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio