. 2018 Sep 10;172(11):1029–1037. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2143

Table 3. Retention in Care Among Youths With at Least 2 Claims for Addiction Treatment.

Characteristic	Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^a
Characteristic	Attrition From Any Addiction Treatment (n = 3247)^b^,^c	Attrition From Behavioral Health Services (n = 2885)^b
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age ≥21 y	1.63 (1.45-1.83)	1.59 (1.41-1.80)
Male	1.13 (1.03-1.24)	1.13 (1.02-1.24)
Non-Hispanic white	1.03 (0.93-1.14)	1.05 (0.94-1.18)
Eligible for Medicaid owing to disability	0.63 (0.49-0.80)	0.60 (0.46-0.78)
Clinical characteristics
Pregnancy^d	0.87 (0.75-0.99)	0.90 (0.77-1.04)
Comorbid behavioral health diagnosis^d^,^e	1.04 (0.95-1.14)	1.01 (0.92-1.11)
Comorbid alcohol or other substance use disorder^d	1.02 (0.93-1.12)	1.00 (0.91-1.10)
Acute or chronic pain condition^d	0.92 (0.84-1.01)	0.92 (0.83-1.01)
Treatment received
Higher level of behavioral health services within 3 mo of initiating episode of care^f	0.94 (0.85-1.02)	0.92 (0.83-1.01)
Timely opioid use disorder medication within 3 mo of diagnosis
No medication	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Buprenorphine	0.58 (0.52-0.64)	0.73 (0.64-0.82)
Naltrexone	0.54 (0.43-0.69)	0.57 (0.44-0.73)
Methadone	0.32 (0.22-0.47)	0.47 (0.33-0.68)

^{^a}

Multivariable models included all covariates listed in the table.

^{^b}

Attrition defined as at least 60 days without any claims for services.

^{^c}

Includes receipt of any behavioral health services or opioid use disorder medications.

^{^d}

At or during the 3 months before receiving a diagnosis of opioid use disorder.

^{^e}

Depression, anxiety, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

^{^f}

Includes intensive outpatient treatment, partial hospitalization, residential care, or inpatient care.