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| Systemic |
| Age >65 years |
| Corticosteroid usage |
| Immunosuppression |
| Sepsis |
| Malnutrition |
| Diabetes |
| Alcoholism |
| Altered mental status/coma |
| Recumbent positioning |
| Cystic fibrosis |
| Focal |
| Seizure/neuromuscular disorders |
| Oropharyngeal dysfunction |
| Mechanical ventilation (endotracheal intubation) |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| Gingival/periodontal infections |
| Bronchial obstruction |
| Pneumonia |
| Underlying lung disease |
| Tube feeding (with overdistention) |
