Table 3. Major series of surgical management of broncholithiasis.

Publication	Patients	Etiology	Type of surgery	Complications
Hammoud 2009 (19)	13	Fixed broncholiths, recurrent pneumonia and/or hemoptysis from histoplasmosis	Lobectomy (n=7, 54%); Bilobectomy (n=5, 38%); transbronchial excision of LN (n=1; 8%)	Air leak (n=1, 7.7%); empyema (n=1, 7.7%)
Cerfolio 2008 (1)	5	BE fistula (n=2, 40%); fixed broncholith (n=3, 60%)	Thoracotomy with LN curettage and/or removal (n=5, 100%)	None reported
Potaris 2000 (20)	47	Hemoptysis (n=21, 45%); recurrent pneumonia (n=11, 23%); suspected BE fistula (n=5, 11%); suspected malignancy (n=6, 13%); failed bronchoscopy (n=4, 9%)	Lobectomy (n=16, 34%); bilobectomy (n=4, 8.5%); segmentectomy (n=7, 15%); wedge resection (n=2, 4%); pneumonectomy (n=1, 2%); broncholithectomy with pulmonary resection (n=30, 64%); broncholithectomy only (n=9, 19%); broncholithectomy with bronchoplasty (n=7; 15%); sleeve resection of left mainstem (n=1, 2%)	Intraop (n=6, 12.8%): PA laceration (n=4, 8.5%); esophageal laceration (n=1, 2.1%); mainstem bronchus laceration (n=1, 2.1%); postop (n=16, 34%): hemothorax (n=2); empyema (n=2); wound dehiscence (n=1); PA thrombosis (n=1); lingua necrosis (n=1); respiratory insufficiency (n=3); confusion (n=2); prolonged air leak (n=2); pneumothorax (n=1); air atrial fibrillation (n=1);
Cole 1986 (16)	25	Fixed broncholiths, symptoms after bronchoscopy, hemoptysis from histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and tuberculosis	Thoracotomy (n=26, 100%); segmental resection (n=11, 42%), lobectomy (n=11, 42%), bronchotomy with broncholithectomy (n=3, 12%), tracheoesophageal fistula repair (n=1, 4%)	None reported

BE, bronchoesophageal; LN, lymph node; PA, pulmonary artery.