. 2018 Jul;15(4):250–258.

Table 1.

Comparison of heart rate (HR; beats/minute) measured at six time points in both groups (Independent-samples t-test)

Time	Group	Mean	SD	SE	95% CI		Min	Max	P_reference	P_groups
1 (Baseline)	Experimental	98.64	14.84	2.97	92.51	104.77	70	121	0.1731	0.7009
1 (Baseline)	Control	97.08	13.68	2.74	91.43	102.73	74	121	0.2020
2 (Sitting on the dental chair)	Experimental	97.56	13.40	2.68	92.03	103.09	77	118	0.2349	0.1732
2 (Sitting on the dental chair)	Control	104.00	19.04	3.81	96.14	111.86	77	151	0.0170
3 (Injection)	Experimental	104.92	13.58	2.72	99.31	110.53	80	132	0.0007	0.0002
3 (Injection)	Control	121.20	14.51	2.90	115.21	127.19	99	158	0.0000
4 (High-speed handpiece)	Experimental	106.76	10.06	2.01	102.61	110.91	86	125	0.0000	0.0022
4 (High-speed handpiece)	Control	118.64	15.33	3.07	112.31	124.97	87	150	0.0000
5 (Low-speed handpiece)	Experimental	107.24	10.38	2.08	102.96	111.52	86	128	0.0000	0.0808
5 (Low-speed handpiece)	Control	113.52	14.22	2.84	107.65	119.39	87	135	0.0000
6 (Post-treatment)	Experimental	100.76	13.66	2.73	95.12	106.40	70	125	0.0339	0.2835
6 (Post-treatment)	Control	104.92	13.46	2.69	99.36	110.48	85	127	0.0007

SD=Standard Deviation, SE=Standard Error, CI=Confidence Interval, P_reference=the P-value of one-sample t-test calculated by comparing the HRs with the average resting HR of children of the same age. For each child, the reference for resting HR was set separately according to his/her own age: 98 beats/minute for 4–6-year olds, and 91 beats/minute for 6–7-year olds [39]. P_groups=the P-value calculated using independent-samples t-test by comparing the groups (α=0.0083)