Table 1.
Principle characteristics of clinical trials evaluating effect of diabetes treatments on heart failure/cardiovascular outcomes (2010–2019).
| Drug class | Name of drug | NCT identifier | Study name | Results | Clinical Trial Phase (total # of patients) | Trial duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | Lixisenatide vs. placebo | NCT01147250 | ELIXA | CV safety | Phase III (6,068) | 25 months |
| Exenatide vs. placebo | NCT01144338 | EXSCEL | CV safety ↓All-cause mortality |
Phase III (14,782) | 38 months | |
| Liraglutide vs. placebo | NCT01179048 | LEADER | ↓3-MACE ↓All-cause mortality |
Phase III (9,340) | 45 months | |
| Semaglutide vs. placebo | NCT01720446 | SUSTAIN 6 | ↓3-MACE | Phase III (3,297) | 25 months | |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Sitagliptin vs. placebo | NCT00790205 | TECOS | CV safety | Phase III (14,761) | 36 months |
| Alogliptin vs. placebo | NCT00968708 | EXAMINE | CV safety | Phase III (5,380) | 18 months | |
| Saxagliptin vs. placebo | NCT01107886 | SAVOR-TIMI 53 | CV safety ↑In HHF |
Phase IV (16,492) | 25 months | |
| Linagliptin vs. Glimepiride | NCT01243424 | CAROLINA | Results expected 2019 | Phase III (6,115) | Ongoing | |
| Linagliptin vs. placebo | NCT01897532 | CARMELINA | Results expected 2018 | Phase IV (8,300) | 54 months | |
| SGLT2-inhibitors | Canagliflozin vs. placebo | NCT01032629 | CANVAS | ↓3-MACE ↓HFF ↑Lower extremity amputations |
Phase III (10,142) | 43 months |
| Empagliflozin vs. placebo | NCT01131676 | EMPA-REG OUTCOME | ↓3-MACE ↓All-cause mortality ↓HHF |
Phase III (7,020) | 37 months | |
CV safety = cardiovascular safety, 3-mace = 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events, HHF = hospitalized heart failure. Blue: CV safety, Red: negative results, Green: positive results, Gray: trial still in progress/results expected in future.