Table 4.

Changes in NCX1 in HF, inherited syndromes and diabetes.

Change in function	Comments	Reference
Na+/Ca2+-exchanger (NCX1)
Heart failure
↔	No change in NCX1 function in end-stage human HF	Piacentino et al., 2003
↑	Increased protein expression and enhanced activity Enhanced reverse mode activity, with Ca2+ entry into the myocyte	Pogwizd et al., 1999, 2001; O’Rourke et al., 1999; Bers et al., 2002; Ottolia et al., 2013 Despa et al., 2002; Weber et al., 2003
Inherited syndromes
	N/A
Type 1 diabetes
↑	Increased activity Increased mRNA levels in Akita(ins2) mice	Doliba et al., 2000; Wickley et al., 2007 LaRocca et al., 2012
↓	Depressed activity in STZ-diabetic rats Reduced mRNA levels/protein expression in STZ-diabetic rats	Pierce et al., 1990; Allo et al., 1991; Hattori et al., 2000 Hattori et al., 2000
Type 2 diabetes
↔	No change in NCX1 activity/protein expression in db/db mice, high-sucrose diet rats, HFD mice	Belke et al., 2004; Wold et al., 2005; Ricci et al., 2006
↑	Increased mRNA levels in human left ventricle Increased mRNA levels in PPAR mice with lipid overload Increased activity in db/db mice	Ashrafi et al., 2017 Joseph et al., 2016 Stølen et al., 2009