Table 5.
The results for multigroup regression models for the self-reported measures in Study 2 (n = 118).
| Self-reported restoration | Valence | Activation | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | p | β | b | SE | p | β | b | SE | p | β | ||
| Mean difference, estimated | (1) No tasks | 0.66∗∗∗ | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 1.17∗∗∗ | 0.16 | 0.00 | 1.13 | -0.78 | 0.41 | 0.06 | -0.32 |
| (2) Restoration-enhancement tasks (U) | 0.84∗∗∗ | 0.11 | 0.00 | 1.35 | 1.66∗∗∗ | 0.25 | 0.00 | 1.06 | -0.64∗ | 0.29 | 0.03 | -0.37 | |
| (3) Awareness-enhancement tasks | 0.63∗∗∗ | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 1.29∗∗∗ | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.97 | -0.20 | 0.33 | 0.55 | -0.10 | |
| Covariates | Stress | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.12/0.12/0.15 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.09/0.05/0.08 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.93 | 0.01/0.01/0.01 |
| Start time | -0.16 | 0.17 | 0.33 | -0.10/-0.11/-0.09 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.93 | 0.01/0.01/0.01 | -0.65 | 0.39 | 0.09 | -0.11/-0.16/-0.13 | |
| Age | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.02/0.03/0.02 | -0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | -0.20/-0.14/-0.15 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.56 | -0.04/-0.06/-0.05 | |
| Navigation method (smart phone – map) | 0.12/-0.27/-0.24 | 0.14/0.15/0.12 | 0.36/0.06/0.05 | 0.13/-0.31/-0.27 | -0.17 | 0.15 | 0.26 | -0.12/-0.08/-0.10 | -0.24 | 0.24 | 0.32 | -0.07/-0.10/-0.10 | |
| Ease of wayfinding | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.01/0.02/0.01 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.02/0.02/0.01 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.09/0.17/0.11 | |
| R2 (conditions 1/2/3) | 0.04/0.12/0.11 | 0.08/0.04/0.05 | 0.03/0.06/0.04 | ||||||||||
χ2 = 26.36 (df = 34, p = 0.82), RMSEA < 0.001, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.73, SMRM = 0.08. Grouping is based on the study condition; figures separated by “/” if they differed between the groups. U, updated from Study 1. Parameters freed across groups: ROS regressed on navigation method. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.