Table 1.
Cohort characteristics at baseline and 2.5-yr follow-up, and characteristics of those retained at 2.5-years review vs. those lost to follow-up.
|
Baseline (n = 2,466) |
Baseline, completed 2.5-years (n = 1,401) |
2.5-years (n = 1,401) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-2 SCORE > 2 | |||
| No depression risk | 1,799 (80.9%) | 1,139 (86.3%) | 1,119 (85.5%) |
| Depression risk | 425 (19.1%) | 181 (13.7%) | 190 (14.5%)‡ |
| (Missing) | (242 (9.8%)) | (81 (5.8%)) | (92 (6.6%))‡ |
| PHQ-9 SCORE | |||
| 0–4: normal | 607 (48.0%) | ||
| 5–9: minimal depression symptoms | 383 (30.3%) | ||
| 10–14: major depression, mild | 144 (11.4%) | ||
| 15–19: major depression, moderate | 93 (7.4%) | ||
| ≥20: major depression, severe | 37 (2.9%) | ||
| (Missing) | (137 (9.8%)) | ||
| PHQ-9 SCORE > 9 | |||
| No depression risk | 990 (78.3%) | ||
| Depression risk | 274 (21.7%) | ||
| (Missing) | (137 (9.8%)) | ||
| REGION OF RESIDENCE | |||
| Australasia | 835 (34.0%) | 560 (40.1%) | 564 (40.3%) |
| Europe | 648 (26.4%) | 380 (27.2%) | 378 (27.0%) |
| North America | 913 (37.1%) | 426 (30.5%) | 430 (30.7%)‡ |
| Other | 63 (2.6%) | 30 (2.2%) | 29 (2.1%) |
| (Missing) | (7 (0.3%)) | (5 (0.4%)) | (0 (0%)) |
| SEX | |||
| Male | 415 (17.6%) | 241 (17.3%) | 241 (17.3%) |
| Female | 1,937 (82.4%) | 1,150 (82.7%) | 1,150 (82.7%) |
| (Missing) | (114 (4.6%)) | (10 (0.7%)) | (10 (0.7%))‡ |
| SMOKE TOBACCO? | |||
| Never | 1,099 (48.0%) | 707 (52.7%) | 701 (52.7%) |
| Ex-smoker | 908 (39.7%) | 520 (38.8%) | 527 (39.6%) |
| Current smoker | 281 (12.3%) | 114 (8.5%) | 102 (7.7%)‡ |
| (Missing) | (178 (7.2%)) | (60 (4.3%)) | (71 (5.1%)) |
| ALCOHOL INTAKE | |||
| Non-drinker | 415 (18.2%) | 215 (16.1%) | 263 (20.7%) |
| < Once per week | 897 (39.3%) | 500 (37.3%) | 411 (32.4%)†b |
| 1–3 days per week | 567 (24.8%) | 362 (27.0%) | 347 (27.3%)a |
| 4–7 days per week | 406 (17.8%) | 265 (19.8%) | 249 (19.6%)a |
| (Missing) | (181 (7.3%)) | (59 (4.2%)) | (131 (9.4%))a |
| ALCOHOL LOAD, STANDARD DRINKS PER DAYc | |||
| Low | 882 (41.3%) | 461 (36.2%) | 102 (9.5%) |
| Moderate | 970 (45.4%) | 631 (49.6%) | 812 (75.8%)‡b |
| High | 286 (13.4%) | 180 (14.2%) | 157 (14.7%)‡b |
| (Missing) | (328 (13.3%)) | (129 (9.2%)) | (330 (23.6%))‡b |
| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | |||
| Low activity | 752 (36.2%) | 423 (34.0%) | 396 (31.8%) |
| Moderate activity | 839 (40.4%) | 533 (42.8%) | 582 (46.7%)† |
| High activity | 485 (23.4%) | 290 (23.3%) | 269 (21.6%) |
| (Missing) | (390 (15.8%)) | (155 (11.1%)) | (154 (11.0%))† |
| DIET–CONSUMES MEAT? | |||
| No | 761 (33.2%) | 532 (39.6%) | 513 (38.5%) |
| Yes | 1,533 (66.8%) | 813 (60.5%) | 820 (61.5%)† |
| (Missing) | (172 (7.0%)) | (56 (4.0%)) | (68 (4.9%))† |
| DIET–CONSUMES DAIRY? | |||
| No | 862 (37.9%) | 580 (43.4%) | 564 (42.4%) |
| Yes | 1,415 (62.1%) | 756 (56.6%) | 765 (57.6%)† |
| (Missing) | (189 (7.7%)) | (65 (4.6%)) | (72 (5.1%))‡ |
| TAKING A VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENT? | |||
| No | 601 (24.4%) | 271 (19.3%) | 271 (19.3%) |
| Yes | 1,865 (75.6%) | 1,130 (80.7%) | 1,130 (80.7%)‡ |
| TAKING AN OMEGA-3 SUPPLEMENT? | |||
| No | 998 (40.5%) | 469 (33.5%) | 542 (38.7%) |
| Yes | 1,468 (59.5%) | 932 (66.5%) | 859 (61.3%)a |
| TYPE OF MS AT COMPLETION OF SURVEY | |||
| Benign | 100 (4.1%) | 64 (4.6%) | 85 (6.2%)†a |
| RRMS | 1,491 (61.6%) | 875 (63.3%) | 810 (59.2%) |
| SPMS | 275 (11.4%) | 144 (10.4%) | 199 (14.6%)†a |
| PPMS | 175 (7.2%) | 100 (7.2%) | 111 (8.1%) |
| PRMS | 48 (2.0%) | 18 (1.3%) | 23 (1.7%) |
| Unsure/other | 330 (13.6%) | 181 (13.1%) | 140 (10.2%)† |
| (Missing) | (47 (1.9%)) | (19 (1.4%)) | (33 (2.4%))a |
| TAKING ANY OF THE 11 SPECIFIED | |||
| IMMUNOMODULATORY MEDICATIONS? | |||
| No | 1,321 (53.6%) | 747 (53.3%) | 812 (58.0%) |
| Yes | 1,145 (46.4%) | 654 (46.7%) | 589 (42.0%)†a |
| TAKING PRESCRIPTION ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATION? | |||
| No | 1,964 (79.6%) | 1,158 (82.7%) | 1,149 (82.0%) |
| Yes | 502 (20.4%) | 243 (17.3%) | 252 (18.0%) |
| TAKING PRESCRIPTION ANXIOLYTIC MEDICATION? | |||
| No | 2,211 (89.7%) | 1,282 (91.5%) | 1,285 (91.7%) |
| Yes | 255 (10.3%) | 119 (8.5%) | 116 (8.3%)† |
| MEDITATES AT LEAST WEEKLY? | |||
| No | 1,566 (69.8%) | 893 (67.2%) | 850 (65.0%) |
| Yes | 677 (30.2%) | 436 (32.8%) | 457 (35.0%)† |
| (Missing) | (223 (9.0%)) | (72 (5.1%)) | (94 (6.7%)) |
| Mean (SD; range) | |||
| Age | 45.7 (10.5; 17.5–79.0) |
45.9 (10.5; 17.9–79.0) |
48.4‡b (10.5; 19.3–81.5) |
| BMI | 25.8 (6.5; 14.6–71.0) |
25.2 (5.9; 15.4–57.7) |
25.4 (6.0; 14.4–64.1) |
| Median (interquartile range) | |||
| PHQ-2 | 0 (0–1) |
1 (0–2) |
0‡ (0–1) |
| PHQ-9 | 0 (0–0) |
||
| IPAQ MET mins per week | 1,092 (297–2,826) |
1,200 (396–2,826) |
1,200 (396–2,670) |
| DHQ total score | 81 (71–89.5) |
83 (73.5–91) |
81a (71–90) |
| Disease duration since symptom onset, years | 11.8 (6.2–20.4) |
11.4 (5.4–20.2) |
14.2‡b (8.1–23.2) |
| PDDS | 2 (0–4) |
1 (0–4) |
1 (0–4) |
| P-MSSS | 4.7 (2.6–7.4) |
4.4 (2.4–7.3) |
4.9a (2.6–7.3) |
| Fatigue Severity Score | 44 (29–55) |
42 (27–54) |
42† (26–54) |
Differences between categorical variables assessed by multinomial logistic regression. Differences between normally distributed continuous terms assessed by two-tailed t-test. Differences between non-normally distributed continuous terms assessed by Kruskal-Wallis rank test.
p < 0.05 for differences between baseline and 2.5-years review.
p < 0.001 for differences between baseline and 2.5-years review.
p < 0.05 for differences between baseline and 2.5-years review for participants with 2.5-years follow-up data.
p < 0.001 for differences between baseline and 2.5-years review for participants with 2.5-years follow-up data.
Alcohol intake was categorized specific to sex, such that low alcohol intake was defined as < 15 grams of alcohol per week, moderate was up to 30 grams alcohol per day for females and up to 45 grams alcohol per day for males, and heavy was over 30 grams alcohol per day for females and over 45 grams alcohol per day for males.
Note: some variables have missing values but where there were no missing values, this row is not shown for that variable.
BMI, body mass index; DHQ, Dietary Habits Questionnaire; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; PDDS, Patient-Determined Disease Steps Scale; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; P-MSSS, Patient Determined Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score; PPMS, primary progressive multiple sclerosis; PRMS, progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis; RRMS, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; SCQ, Self-administered Comorbidity Questionnaire; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.