Table 3.
Effects of mannan oligosaccharides, β-glucan, and fructans on immune responses of broilers.
| Effects | Dosage, Challenge, and Diets | Day | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOS | ||||
| Blood/Serum | ||||
| Decrease | B cell | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Increase | IgM | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Increase | Antibody against Avian Influenza virus | 0.1, 0.2, 0.3% with ND vaccination | 42 | (47) |
| Increase | Antibody against Avian Influenza virus | 0.1, 0.2, 0.3% | 42 | (47) |
| Increase | Antibody against Newcastle disease virus | 0.09% | 42 | (48) |
| Increase | Antibody against IBDV | 0.5% | 54 weeks | (49) |
| Increase | Antibody against sheep red blood cell | 0.09% | 28, 42 | (48) |
| Increase | Total antibody against sheep red blood cell | 0.09% | 28, 42 | (48) |
| Decrease | Basophils | 0.2% | 28 | (25) |
| Decrease | Heterophil: lymphocyte | 0.2% | 28 | (25) |
| Ileum | ||||
| Increase | IFN-γ | 0.2% | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | IFN-γ | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | IL-12p35 | 0.2% | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | IL-12p35 | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | TLR2b | 0.2% | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | TLR2b | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | TLR4 | 0.2% | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | TLR4 | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| Decrease | TLR2 | 0.1% 0.6 ml in ovo | 1, 3 | (36) |
| Increase | TLR4 | 0.1% 0.6 ml in ovo | 1 | (36) |
| Cecal tonsils | ||||
| Decrease | B cell | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Increase | IFN-γ | 0.2% | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | IFN-γ | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| Decrease | TLR2b | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | TLR4 | 0.2% | 22 | (50) |
| Increase | TLR4 | 0.2% with Clostridium perfringens challenge | 22 | (50) |
| MOS and β-glucan | ||||
| Blood/Serum | ||||
| Increase | Antibody/ infectious bursal virus | 0.1% with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 21, 42 | (51) |
| Decrease | Eosinophils | 0.1% with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 42 | (51) |
| Increase | Monocytes | 0.1% with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 42 | (51) |
| β-glucan | ||||
| Abdominal exudate cell macrophages | ||||
| Increase | Nitrite | 1, 2.5, 5 mg/ml | 35 | (52) |
| Increase | Phagocytic activity | 0.002, 0.004% | 35 | (52) |
| Increase | lL-1 | 5 mg/ml | 35 | (52) |
| Increase | Total antibody responses to Sheep red blood cell | 0.004% | 35 | (52) |
| Intraepithelial leukocytes | ||||
| Increase | CD4+ | 0.004% | 16 | (52) |
| Increase | CD8+ | 0.004% | 16 | (52) |
| MQ-NCSU | ||||
| Increase | Nitrite | 1, 5 mg/ml | 35 | (52) |
| Increase | Macrophages | 5 mg/ml | 35 | (52) |
| Organ | ||||
| Increase | Bursa weight % | 0.002, 0.004% | 14 | (52) |
| Increase | Spleen weight % | 0.002, 0.004% | 14 | (52) |
| Decrease | Liver Salmonella enteritidis invasion | with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 4 | (53) |
| Decrease | Spleen Salmonella enteritidis invasion | with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 4 | (53) |
| Intestine | ||||
| Increase | sIgA | 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.0125% | 21, 42 | (54) |
| Decrease | IL-4 | 0.10% | 21 | (38) |
| Intestinal fluid | ||||
| Decrease | IgG | 0.0001% | 7, 28 | (55) |
| Duodenum | ||||
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% with Eimeria challenge | 10 | (38) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-4 | 0.02, 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Increase | IL-4 | 0.02, 0.1% | 14 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-8 | 0.02, 0.1% | 7, 14 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-13 | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-18 | 0.02% | 14 | (56) |
| Increase | Nitic oxide synthase | 0.1% | 14 | (56) |
| Jejunum | ||||
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% | 14 | (38) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% with Eimeria challenge | 14 | (38) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-4 | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-8 | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-8 | 0.02% | 14 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-13 | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-18 | 0.1% | 14 | (56) |
| Increase | IL-18 | 0.1% | 21 | (38) |
| Increase | IL-18 | 0.02% | 7 | (56) |
| Increase | Cath-1 | 0.02% | 14 | (57) |
| Increase | Cath-2 | 0.02% | 14 | (57) |
| Increase | AvBD-1 | 0.02% | 22 | (57) |
| Increase | AvBD-4 | 0.02% | 22 | (57) |
| Increase | AvBD-10 | 0.02% | 22 | (57) |
| Decrease | AvBD-10 | 0.02% with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 22 | (57) |
| Increase | LEAP-2 | 0.02% | 22 | (57) |
| Decrease | Nitric oxide synthase | 0.1% with Eimeria challenge | 10 | (38) |
| Increase | sIgA+ cell numbers | 0.01% with Salmonella typhimurium challenge | 21 | (37) |
| Increase | sIgA | 0.01% with Salmonella typhimurium challenge | 14, 21 | (37) |
| Increase | IgA against Salmonella | 0.02% | 22 | (57) |
| Ileum | ||||
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% | 21 | (38) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% with Eimeria challenge | 21 | (38) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-4 | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Increase | IL-4 | 0.1% | 14 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-8 | 0.1% | 7, 14 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-8 | 0.02% | 14 | (56) |
| Decrease | IL-13 | 0.1% | 7 | (56) |
| Decrease | nitric oxide synthase | 0.1% | 14 | (38) |
| Increase | nitric oxide synthase | 0.1% with Eimeria challenge | 14 | (38) |
| Increase | nitric oxide synthase | 0.1% | 14 | (56) |
| Blood/Serum | ||||
| Increase | Globulin | 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.0125% | 21 | (54) |
| Increase | Globulin | 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01% | 42 | (54) |
| Increase | IFN-γ | 0.005, 0.0075% | 21 | (54) |
| Increase | IFN-γ | 0.01% | 42 | (54) |
| Increase | IgG | 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01% | 21 | (54) |
| Increase | IgG | 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075% | 42 | (54) |
| Increase | IgG against Salmonella | 0.02% with Salmonella enteritidis | 14, 22 | (57) |
| Increase | IL-1 | 0.0025, 0.005% | 42 | (54) |
| Increase | IL-1 | 0.01% | 21 | (54) |
| Increase | IL-2 | 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.0125% | 21, 42 | (54) |
| Increase | TNF-α | 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01% | 21, 42 | (54) |
| Decrease | lymphocytes | 0.012% and exposed to LPS | 42 | (58) |
| Decrease | lymphocytes | 0.05%, and exposed to pokeweed mitogen | 42 | (58) |
| Increase | mean number of SE per heterophil | with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 4 | (53) |
| Increase | percent heterophils containing SE | with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 4 | (53) |
| Increase | phagocytic index | with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 4 | (53) |
| Increase | SE Killing/heterophils | with Salmonella enteritidis challenge | 4 | (53) |
| Increase | nitric oxide/3, 6, 12 h | 0.025%, and exposed to LPS | 42 | (58) |
| Fructans | ||||
| Blood/Serum | ||||
| Decrease | B cells | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Increase | IgG | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Increase | IgM | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Increase | Antibody against sheep red blood cells in primary response | 0.05% | 42 | (59) |
| Ileum | ||||
| Increase | CD4+:CD8+ | 0.5% | 21 | (39) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 0.5% | 21 | (39) |
| Decrease | IFN-γ | 1% | 21 | (39) |
| Increase | IgA | 1% | 21, 42 | (39) |
| Increase | IgA | 1.5% | 21 | (39) |
| Increase | IgA | 0.5% | 42 | (39) |
| Decrease | IL-6 | 0.5% | 21 | (39) |
| Cecal tonsils | ||||
| Decrease | CD80 | 0.2 ml (1.76 mg) in ovo | 35 | (60) |
| Decrease | IFN-B | 0.2 ml (1.76 mg) in ovo | 35 | (60) |
| Decrease | IL-12p40 | 0.2 ml (1.76 mg) in ovo | 35 | (60) |
| Decrease | IL-18 | 0.2 ml (1.76 mg) in ovo | 35 | (60) |
| Decrease | IL-4 | 0.2 ml (1.76 mg) in ovo | 35 | (60) |
| Decrease | Proliferative competence of ex vivo leukocytes | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |
| Decrease | B cells | 0.5% | 25 | (46) |