Table 1.
Host-directed therapies potentially inhibiting lung damage and/or promoting lung repair.
| Host-directed inhibiting lung damage | Potential mechanism |
|---|---|
| Steroids | ↓ INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β (and IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IP-10 in TB-IRIS) |
| ↓ MMP-7 (in TB-IRIS) | |
| Doxycycline | ↓ MMP-1, -3, and -9 |
| Vitamin D | ↓ MMP-7 and -9 |
| ↓ IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α | |
| ↑ autophagy | |
| Rapamycin, everolimus | ↓ MMP-1 and -3 |
| ↑ autophagy | |
| NSAIDs | ↓ PGE21 and ↑ LXA4 |
| Zileuton | ↓ 5-LOX |
| Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors | ↓ TNF-α |
| ↓ neutrophil recruitment | |
| Metformin | ↓ TNF-α |
| ↑ autophagy | |
| Statins | ↑ autophagy |
| TNF-α blockers | ↓ TNF-α |
| PGE2 | ↑ PGE21 |
| IFN-γ | ↑ IFN-γ |
| Mesenchymal stromal cells | Control inflammation and mediate tissue repair |
1The effect of inhibiting or increasing PGE2 on lung damage could vary depending on the stage of the disease.