eTable 1. Descriptive characteristics of and associations between resilience and mental health in the included studies.
| Study | Sample | Country |
RS version |
Mental health | N | r | 95% CI | p |
| Amler et al. 2015 (e1) | Survivors of acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation | Germany | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression Emotional functioning | 41 | 0.727 | [0.539; 0.845] | 0.000 |
| Bathke 2011 (e2) | Obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression Mental QoL | 164 | 0.219 | [0.065; 0.363] | 0.005 |
| Brix et al. 2008 (e3) | Cancer patients with radiation therapy | Germany | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 239 | 0.390 | [0.277; 0.493] | 0.000 |
| Chopp-Hurley et al. 2017 (e4) | Older university employees with ‧osteoarthritis | Canada | RS-25 | Depression | 24 | 0.500 | [0.121; 0.752] | 0.012 |
| Cohen et al. 2014 (e5) | Former colorectal cancer patients (Diagnosed 1–5 years prior to start of study, stages II–III) | Israel | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression | 92 | 0.625 | [0.482; 0.736] | 0.000 |
| Defrancesco et al. 2013 (e6) | Obese women (BMI: M = 33 kg/m²) 1–5 years after bariatric surgery | Austria | RS-25 | Depression | 64 | 0.367 | [0.150; 0.551] | 0.001 |
| Erim et al. 2015 (e7) | Living kidney donor (3 months after transplantation) | Germany | RS-13 | Mental QoL | 41 | 0.380 | [0.082; 0.616] | 0.014 |
| Esteve & Ramírez-Maestre 2013 (1) (e8) | Patients with inflammatory bowel ‧disease (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis) | Spain | RS-25 | Depression | 128 | 0.620 | [0.500; 0.716] | 0.000 |
| Esteve & Ramírez-Maestre 2013 (2) (e8) | Patients with back pain (GP treatment) | Spain | RS-25 | Depression | 141 | 0.520 | [0.388; 0.631] | 0.000 |
| Esteve & Ramírez-Maestre 2013 (3) (e8) | Patients with various pain syndromes (treatment in pain clinic) | Spain | RS-25 | Depression | 137 | 0.170 | [0.002; 0.328] | 0.047 |
| Fitzke 2015 (e9) | Long-term survivors of cancer (5 and 10 years, respectively, after diagnosis) | Germany | RS-11 | Anxiety Depression | 354 | 0.396 | [0.304; 0.480] | 0.000 |
| Freire de Medeiros et al. 2017 (e10) | Patients on hemodialysis | Brasil | RS-25 | Depression Mental QoL | 202 | 0.511 | [0.401; 0.606] | 0.000 |
| García-Maroto Fernández 2015 (e11) | Women with breast cancer | Spain | RS-25 | Anxiety | 202 | 0.030 | [−0.109; 0.167] | 0.672 |
| Gotay et al. 2007 (e12) | Survivors of single/multiple cancer diagnoses | USA | RS-25 | Depression | 1 076 | 0.120 | [0.059; 0.180] | 0.000 |
| Harding 2014 (e13) | Women after breast biopsy prior to receipt of results | USA | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 128 | 0.576 | [0.447; 0.682] | 0.000 |
| Hennig 2011 (e14) | Patients with hypertension | Germany | RS-13 | Mental QoL | 197 | 0.120 | [−0.013; 0.249] | 0.076 |
| Herrmann et al. 2011 (e15) | Infertile couples at encounter for ‧fertility testing | Germany | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 398 | 0.539 | [0.465; 0.605] | 0.000 |
| Jaenichen et al. 2012 (e16) | Patients after severe sepsis (2–117 months) | Germany | RS-13 | Distress | 87 | 0.734 | [0.619; 0.818] | 0.000 |
| Jang et al. 2017 (e17) | Burn victims after acute phase | Korea | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression | 138 | 0.519 | [0.385; 0.631] | 0.000 |
| Jegan et al. 2017 (e18) | Patients with chronic low back pain | Germany | RS-11 | Depression | 423 | 0.497 | [0.422; 0.566] | 0.000 |
| Kamen et al. 2017 (e19) | Homo- and bisexual women after breast cancer | USA | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 201 | 0.480 | [0.365; 0.579] | 0.000 |
| Keil et al. 2017 (e20) | Patients with COPD | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 531 | 0.551 | [0.489; 0.607] | 0.000 |
| King & Orel 2012 (e21) | Homosexual men with HIV/AIDS aged 45–78 years (M = 53.5) | USA | RS-14 | Mental QoL | 38 | 0.431 | [0.129; 0.660] | 0.006 |
| Krause 2011 (e22) | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression Mental QoL | 192 | 0.409 | [0.281; 0.523] | 0.000 |
| Küch et al. 2016 (e23) | Patients undergoing inpatient ‧orthopedic rehabilitation | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 107 | 0.449 | [0.283; 0.588] | 0.000 |
| Kunschitz et al. 2017 (e24) | Patients with coronary heart disease | Austria | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 166 | 0.281 | [0.125; 0.423] | 0.001 |
| Kurz et al. 2014 (e25) | Patients with lung cancer | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 49 | 0.441 | [0.182; 0.642] | 0.001 |
| Leontjevas et al. 2014 (e26) | Residents of a nursing home ‧rehabilitating unit | Netherlands | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression | 40 | 0.305 | [−0.007; 0.563] | 0.055 |
| Li et al. 2016 (e27) | Bladder cancer patients | China | RS-14 | Emotional wellbeing | 365 | 0.402 | [0.312; 0.485] | 0.000 |
| Liu et al. 2015 (e28) | Stable heart failure patients treated on outpatient basis | Taiwan/China | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 128 | 0.379 | [0.220; 0.518] | 0.000 |
| Liu et al. 2017 (e29) | Patients with ovarian cancer | China | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 198 | 0.390 | [0.265; 0.502] | 0.000 |
| Losoi et al. 2015 (e30) | Patients with mild traumatic brain ‧injury | Finland | RS-25 | Depression | 74 | 0.188 | [−0.042; 0.399] | 0.109 |
| Lossnitzer et al. 2014 (e31) | Chronic heart failure patients with highly ‧distressing symptoms | Germany | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression | 186 | 0.356 | [0.223; 0.475] | 0.000 |
| Mautner et al. 2013 (e32) | Pregnant women diagnosed with ‧preeclampsia | Austria | RS-13 | Depression Mental QoL | 67 | 0.502 | [0.297; 0.662] | 0.000 |
| McGowan et al. 2018 (e33) | HIV-positive individuals | United Kingdom | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 195 | 0.413 | [0.290; 0.523] | 0.000 |
| Moe et al. 2013 (e34) | Old patients (>79 years) with chronic disease receiving outpatient nursing care | Norway | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 120 | 0.388 | [0.224; 0.530] | 0.000 |
| Müller et al. 2015 (e35) | Patients with chronic kidney disease before or after transplantation | Germany | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression Mental QoL | 252 | 0.391 | [0.230; 0.531] | 0.000 |
| Pascoe & Edvardsson 2016 (e36) | Patients with prostate cancer | Australia | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 209 | 0.567 | [0.468; 0.653] | 0.000 |
| Popa-Velea et al. 2017 (e37) | Cancer patients | Romania | RS-14 | Distress | 178 | 0.562 | [0.452; 0.655] | 0.000 |
| Quiceno & Vinaccia 2013 (e38) | Patients with rheumatoid arthritis | Colombia | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 41 | 0.484 | [0.207; 0.689] | 0.001 |
| Radke & Franke 2016 (e39) | Patients in outpatient orthopedic ‧rehabilitation | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 110 | 0.562 | [0.418; 0.678] | 0.000 |
| Ramírez-Maestre et al. 2017 (e40) | Patients with acute back pain | Spain | RS-25 | Depression | 232 | 0.160 | [0.032; 0.283] | 0.015 |
| Rebagliati et al. 2016 (e41) | Patients in orthopedic rehabilitation after hip or knee surgery | Italien | RS-10 | Depression | 81 | 0.504 | [0.321; 0.651] | 0.000 |
| Robottom et al. 2012 (e42) | Patients with Parkinson’s disease | USA | RS-15 | Anxiety Depression Mental QoL | 83 | 0.376 | [0.175; 0.548] | 0.000 |
| Ruiz-Párraga et al. 2015 (e43) | Patients with chronic musculoskeletal back pain | Spain | RS-18 | Distress | 592 | 0.193 | [0.114; 0.270] | 0.000 |
| Runkewitz et al. 2006 (e44) | Patients in GP practice with acute or chronic disease | Germany | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression | 242 | 0.502 | [0.401; 0.591] | 0.000 |
| Schumacher et al. 2014 (e45) | Patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation | Germany | RS-25 | Anxiety Depression Emotional functioning | 75 | 0.503 | [0.309; 0.656] | 0.000 |
| Suffeda et al. 2016 (e46) | Patients on the day before undergoing middle ear or pharyngeal ‧surgery | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 82 | 0.479 | [0.291; 0.632] | 0.000 |
| Torma et al. 2013 (e47) | Older adults diagnosed with fibromyalgia | USA | RS-25 | Depression | 221 | 0.540 | [0.439; 0.627] | 0.000 |
| Vinaccia & Quiceno 2011 (e48) | Hospitalized patients with COPD | Colombia | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 40 | 0.334 | [0.025; 0.585] | 0.035 |
| Vinaccia & Quiceno 2011 (e49) | Patients with chronic kidney disease | Colombia | RS-25 | Mental QoL | 40 | 0.492 | [0.213; 0.697] | 0.001 |
| Wallhäußer-Franke et al. 2014 (e50) | Tinnitus patients | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 4 705 | 0.572 | [0.551; 0.591] | 0.000 |
| Wallhäußer-Franke et al. 2015 (e51) | Tinnitus patients (recent onset) | Germany | RS-13 | Anxiety Depression | 28 | 0.286 | [−0.098; 0.595] | 0.142 |
| Wang et al. 2016 (e52) | Patients with malignant disease of the hematopoietic system | China | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 227 | 0.337 | [0.216; 0.448] | 0.000 |
| Wick et al. 2015 (e53) | Patients awaiting liver or kidney transplantation | Germany | RS-13 | Mental QoL | 103 | 0.260 | [0.070; 0.432] | 0.008 |
| Wolfram 2017 (e54) | Oncological patients with supplementary homeopathic treatment | Germany | RS-13 | Distress Mental QoL | 40 | 0.670 | [0.454; 0.812] | 0.000 |
| Yang et al. 2016 (e55) | Patients with bladder or kidney cancer | China | RS-14 | Anxiety Depression | 489 | 0.474 | [0.402; 0.540] | 0.000 |
| Mean effect size | 15 003 | 0.432 | [0.385; 0.477] | 0.000 | ||||
95% CI = 95% confidence interval; AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; QoL = quality of life; M = mean; N = number of patients; RS = Resilience Scale;