Table 2.
Quartile of the first harmonic of the radial pulse wave as a risk for primary and secondary composite heart endpoints in 1968 type 2 diabetic patients without CAD history and angina-related symptoms. Primary composite endpoints combined the adverse heart events, including new onset of heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular-cause mortality. Secondary composite endpoints combined the new onset of left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF < 50%) and the new onset of symptoms and signs of coronary artery disease.
| Endpoint | C1, first harmonic of the radial pulse wave | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.89 | 0.89 to 0.96 | 0.96 to 1.07 | >1.07 | P for trend | P for trend# | |
| Primary composite endpoints | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 37 (7.5%) | 51 (10.4%) | 69 (14.0%) | 82 (16.7%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.39 (0.91–2.12) | 1.90 (1.28–2.84) | 2.29 (1.55–3.37) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Heart failure | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 15 (3.0%) | 17 (3.5%) | 24 (4.9%) | 33 (6.7%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.13 (0.57–2.27) | 1.61 (0.84–3.06) | 2.22 (1.21–4.09) | <0.01 | <0.05 |
|
| ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 24 (4.9%) | 37 (7.5%) | 49 (10.0%) | 57 (11.6%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.56 (0.93–2.60) | 2.08 (1.28–3.39) | 2.44 (1.51–3.93) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Cardiovascular-cause mortality | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.4%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.00 (0.14–7.09) | 1.00 (0.14–7.09) | NS | NS | |
|
| ||||||
| Secondary composite endpoints | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 53 (10.8%) | 81 (16.5%) | 80 (16.3%) | 104 (21.1%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.56 (1.11–2.21) | 1.53 (1.08–2.17) | 2.04 (1.46–2.83) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF < 50%) | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 8 (1.6%) | 11 (2.2%) | 16 (3.3%) | 16 (3.3%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.38 (0.56–3.44) | 2.01 (0.86–4.71) | 2.01 (0.86–4.70) | <0.1 | <0.05 |
|
| ||||||
| Symptoms and signs of coronary artery disease | ||||||
| Patients, n (%) | 51 (10.4%) | 75 (15.2%) | 75 (15.2%) | 100 (20.3%) | ||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1 | 1.49 (1.05–2.13) | 1.49 (1.04–2.12) | 2.03 (1.45–2.84) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
The reference group for hazard ratio is the first quartile of C1 (<0.89). NS = nonsignificant. #P for trend controlling for age, sex, smoke, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and Hba1c.