Figure 1.

Improved CKD care management could generate a net healthcare cost savings of $0.73 billion and $1.36 billion per year for Medicare and all payers in the United States, respectively. The results are on the basis of a simulation of the effect of two interventions: (1) increasing pre-RRT nephrology care among patients with CKD stage 3 or 4 and (2) improving care coordination for the transition to RRT among patients with incident ESRD. The upper and lower bounds represent the range of net health care cost savings under the best case scenario and the worst case scenario, respectively. All costs have been adjusted for inflation to the 2016 United States dollars.