Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Total | Male | Female | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Enalapril-folic acid n = 1,088 | Enalapril n = 1,111 | P-value | Enalapril-Folic acid n = 396 | Enalapril n = 421 | P-value | Enalapril-folic acid n = 692 | Enalapril n = 690 | P-value |
| Age, years | 63.95 ± 7.10 | 64.18 ± 7.30 | 0.481 | 64.42 ± 7.44 | 64.67 ± 7.52 | 0.626 | 63.68 ± 6.88 | 63.85 ± 7.17 | 0.657 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.14 ± 3.85 | 26.17 ± 3.88 | 0.842 | 25.28 ± 3.67 | 25.38 ± 3.84 | 0.699 | 26.64 ± 3.86 | 26.66 ± 3.82 | 0.910 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.613 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.501 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.951 |
| SBP, mmHg | 136.21 ± 17.22 | 137.36 ± 17.85 | 0.123 | 133.30 ± 16.59 | 135.64 ± 18.53 | 0.058 | 137.88 ± 17.37 | 138.42 ± 17.34 | 0.564 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80.58 ± 11.17 | 81.39 ± 11.01 | 0.098 | 80.61 ± 11.47 | 82.29 ± 11.87 | 0.060 | 80.56 ± 11.00 | 80.83 ± 10.42 | 0.529 |
| MAP, mmHg | 99.12 ± 11.44 | 100.04 ± 11.34 | 0.049 | 98.17 ± 11.31 | 100.07 ± 12.21 | 0.027 | 99.67 ± 11.48 | 100.03 ± 10.78 | 0.435 |
| tHcy, umol/L | 12.70 ± 6.69 | 13.93 ± 6.94 | < 0.001 | 14.38 ± 8.72 | 16.19 ± 9.39 | 0.004 | 11.74 ± 4.94 | 12.55 ± 4.34 | 0.001 |
| Uric acid, umol/L | 324.89 ± 96.14 | 329.70 ± 95.19 | 0.251 | 365.22 ± 99.51 | 363.76 ± 100.98 | 0.834 | 301.77 ± 86.07 | 308.71 ± 85.14 | 0.132 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 65.50 ± 21.66 | 65.68 ± 20.37 | 0.840 | 78.41 ± 24.19 | 77.24 ± 22.43 | 0.471 | 58.11 ± 15.92 | 58.62 ± 15.17 | 0.543 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.31 ± 1.77 | 2.39 ± 2.12 | 0.354 | 2.03 ± 1.85 | 2.18 ± 2.26 | 0.284 | 2.47 ± 1.70 | 2.51 ± 2.01 | 0.691 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.27 ± 0.33 | 1.25 ± 0.33 | 0.187 | 1.26 ± 0.34 | 1.24 ± 0.38 | 0.620 | 1.27 ± 0.33 | 1.25 ± 0.29 | 0.190 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 9.25 ± 3.07 | 9.40 ± 3.37 | 0.276 | 9.24 ± 3.18 | 9.31 ± 3.13 | 0.766 | 9.25 ± 3.01 | 9.45 ± 3.51 | 0.252 |
| ALP, U/L | 98.40 ± 31.49 | 97.50 ± 30.76 | 0.498 | 86.94 ± 26.25 | 88.55 ± 26.99 | 0.391 | 104.92 ± 32.37 | 102.93 ± 31.63 | 0.250 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 90.56 ± 15.83 | 90.46 ± 15.93 | 0.876 | 88.47 ± 16.34 | 89.23 ± 16.99 | 0.516 | 91.76 ± 15.41 | 91.21 ± 15.21 | 0.503 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 6.28 ± 1.98 | 6.28 ± 1.88 | 0.962 | 6.62 ± 2.05 | 6.62 ± 2.14 | 0.955 | 6.09 ± 1.92 | 6.06 ± 1.66 | 0.797 |
| PWV, mm/s | 1763.02 ± 424.80 | 1785.90 ± 382.79 | 0.201 | 1728.01 ± 424.46 | 1748.74 ± 406.98 | 0.501 | 1782.89 ± 424.04 | 1808.10 ± 365.67 | 0.261 |
| Retinal arteriosclerosis, n (%) | 845 (77.67%) | 852 (76.76%) | 0.656 | 311 (78.54%) | 343 (81.47%) | 0.336 | 534 (77.17%) | 510 (73.91%) | 0.179 |
| Cooking oil, n (%) | 0.801 | 0.304 | 0.225 | ||||||
| Vegetable oils only | 858 (79.08%) | 863 (78.24%) | 297 (75.19%) | 322 (77.03%) | 561 (81.30%) | 542 (79.01%) | |||
| Mainly Vegetable oils | 207 (19.08%) | 222 (20.13%) | 84 (21.27%) | 89 (21.29%) | 123 (17.83%) | 133 (19.39%) | |||
| 50% Vegetable oils | 17 (1.57%) | 16 (1.45%) | 12 (3.04%) | 5 (1.20%) | 5 (0.72%) | 11 (1.60%) | |||
| Mainly animal oils | 3 (0.28%) | 2 (0.18%) | 2 (0.51%) | 2 (0.48%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 (0.00%) | |||
| Consumption of Bean product, n (%) | 0.991 | 0.626 | 0.815 | ||||||
| < 1/week | 546 (50.32%) | 555 (50.18%) | 145 (36.62%) | 170 (40.48%) | 401 (58.20%) | 385 (56.04%) | |||
| 1–2/ week | 349 (32.17%) | 353 (31.92%) | 154 (38.89%) | 146 (34.76%) | 195 (28.30%) | 208 (30.28%) | |||
| 3–5/week | 142 (13.09%) | 146 (13.20%) | 74 (18.69%) | 80 (19.05%) | 68 (9.87%) | 66 (9.61%) | |||
| Almost everyday | 48 (4.42%) | 52 (4.70%) | 23 (5.81%) | 24 (5.71%) | 25 (3.63%) | 28 (4.08%) | |||
| Consumption of Meat, n (%) | 0.598 | 0.829 | 0.578 | ||||||
| < 1/week | 505 (46.67%) | 490 (44.30%) | 139 (35.28%) | 139 (33.10%) | 366 (53.20%) | 352 (51.24%) | |||
| 1–2/ week | 372 (34.38%) | 410 (37.07%) | 145 (36.80%) | 167 (39.76%) | 227 (32.99%) | 243 (35.37%) | |||
| 3–5/week | 131 (12.11%) | 135 (12.21%) | 63 (15.99%) | 63 (15.00%) | 68 (9.88%) | 72 (10.48%) | |||
| Almost everyday | 74 (6.84%) | 71 (6.42%) | 47 (11.93%) | 51 (12.14%) | 27 (3.92%) | 20 (2.91%) | |||
| Consumption of Vegetables and Fruits (per week), n(%) | 0.248 | 0.137 | 0.268 | ||||||
| < 0.5 kg | 7 (0.65%) | 15 (1.36%) | 3 (0.76%) | 7 (1.67%) | 4 (0.58%) | 8 (1.17%) | |||
| 0.5–1.5 kg | 197 (18.17%) | 197 (17.83%) | 81 (20.45%) | 67 (15.95%) | 116 (16.86%) | 131 (19.10%) | |||
| > 1.5 kg | 880 (81.18%) | 893 (80.81%) | 312 (78.79%) | 346 (82.38%) | 568 (82.56%) | 547 (79.74%) | |||
| Vitamin supplementation, n (%) | 0.92 | 0.429 | 0.154 | ||||||
| Never | 1032 (97.54%) | 1059 (97.60%) | 369 (95.84%) | 405 (97.83%) | 663 (98.51%) | 655 (97.47%) | |||
| 1–2/ week | 5 (0.47%) | 7 (0.65%) | 5 (1.30%) | 2 (0.48%) | 0 (0.00%) | 5 (0.74%) | |||
| 3–5/ week | 7 (0.66%) | 7 (0.65%) | 4 (1.04%) | 3 (0.72%) | 3 (0.45%) | 4 (0.60%) | |||
| Almost everyday | 14 (1.32%) | 12 (1.11%) | 7 (1.82%) | 4 (0.97%) | 7 (1.04%) | 8 (1.19%) | |||
| Education, n (%) | 0.257 | 0.98 | 0.059 | ||||||
| Illiterate | 653 (60.35%) | 676 (61.40%) | 125 (31.65%) | 133 (31.67%) | 528 (76.86%) | 543 (79.62%) | |||
| Elementary or junior high school | 235 (21.72%) | 210 (19.07%) | 118 (29.87%) | 123 (29.29%) | 117 (17.03%) | 87 (12.76%) | |||
| Senior high school or above | 194 (17.93%) | 215 (19.53%) | 152 (38.48%) | 164 (39.05%) | 42 (6.11%) | 52 (7.62%) | |||
| Smoking, n (%) | 327 (30.14%) | 335 (30.29%) | 0.987 | 290 (73.23%) | 296 (70.48%) | 0.426 | 37 (5.37%) | 39 (5.68%) | 0.896 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 319 (29.40%) | 343 (31.04%) | 0.438 | 272 (68.86%) | 292 (69.52%) | 0.897 | 47 (6.81%) | 51 (7.43%) | 0.731 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). P-values were calculated using independent t-test for the continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. tHcy, total homocysteine; BMI, body mass index; WHR, Waist-to-Hip Ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PWV, pulse wave velocity; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.