Table 3.

Sex-specific associations reported between any antibiotic exposure in early life and measures of child body mass

Study	Exposure definition	Outcome measure	Association estimate (95% CI or p value)
Saari et al.[33]	Any antibiotic at <24 months	Adjusted difference (β) in zBMI at ⩾24 months	Boys: 0.13 (0.07–0.19)* Girls: 0.07 (0.01–0.13)*
Murphy et al. [24]	Any antibiotic at <12 months	Adjusted difference (β) in BMI at 5–8 years	Boys: 0.107 (p < 0.001)a* Girls: −0.008 (p = 0.75)ab
Azad et al. [23]	Any antibiotic at <12 months	aOR for overweight at 9 years	Boys: 2.19 (1.06–4.54)*
			Girls: 1.20 (0.53–2.70)
		aOR for overweight at 12 years	Boys: 5.35 (1.94–14.72)*
			Girls: 1.13 (0.46–2.81)c
Rogawski et al. [27]	Any antibiotic at <6 months	Adjusted difference (β) in weight-for-length z-score at 6 months to 3 years	Boys: −0.15 (−0.32 to 0.02) Girls: −0.06 (−0.22 to 0.10)

Measures of association are relative to unexposed group unless stated otherwise.

zBMI, body mass index-for-age z-score; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.

*p < 0.05.

See Table 1 and online Supplementary Table S3 for adjustments relating to analyses in each study.

^aTwo-tailed p values reported, as 95% CIs were not provided.

^bp for interaction = 0.002.

^cp for interaction = 0.05.