Table 2.
Risk factors for diabetes by gender
| Indicator | Both | Female | Male | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | n | % | n | % | n | ||
| Insufficient Physical activitya | 80.1 | 3262 | 81.2 | 1999 | 79.1 | 1263 | 0.266 |
| Waist circumference obesity b | 31.6 | 1483 | 50.2 | 1287 | 12.1 | 196 | < 0.001 |
| High sugar intake c | 15.0 | 584 | 13.5 | 353 | 16.5 | 231 | 0.105 |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 28.1 | 1224 | 39.1 | 912 | 17.4 | 312 | < 0.001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol e | 53.1 | 2207 | 59.9 | 1201 | 45.9 | 1006 | < 0.001 |
| High blood pressured | 24.8 | 1147 | 23.6 | 693 | 26.0 | 454 | 0.178 |
| Current tobacco use f | 13.2 | 485 | 3.9 | 104 | 22.8 | 381 | < 0.001 |
| Harmful use of alcohol g | 15.3 | 469 | 4.8 | 82 | 26.3 | 387 | < 0.001 |
| Bad fat intake h | 39.4 | 1686 | 35.3 | 939 | 43.7 | 747 | 0.002 |
| High salt consumption i | 89.6 | 3567 | 89.1 | 2151 | 90.1 | 1416 | 0.437 |
| Diabetes j | 2.5 | 135 | 2.9 | 42 | 2.1 | 93 | 0.163 |
| Prediabetes k | 3.1 | 142 | 3.2 | 55 | 2.9 | 87 | 0.667 |
| High total cholesterol l | 7.3 | 480 | 9.8 | 341 | 4.6 | 139 | 0.001 |
| Mean total cholesterol [95% CI] | 5.1 | [3.0;7.2] | 4.0 | [2.9;5.0] | 6.2 | [2.3;10.2] | |
| Mean HDL cholesterol [95% CI] | 1.19 | [1.16;1.22] | 1.12 | [1.08;1.17] | 1.26 | [1.21;1.30] | |
| Mean glucose [95% CI] | 4.6 | [4.5;4.7] | 4.5 | [4.4;4.6] | 4.7 | [4.6;4.8] | |
| Mean systolic blood pressure [95% CI] | 124.2 | [123.1;125.2] | 126.9 | [125.5;128.3] | 121.6 | [120.3;122.9] | |
| Mean diastolic pressure [95% CI] | 80.4 | [79.7;81.1] | 80.2 | [79.2;81.3] | 80.6 | [79.8;81.3] | |
| Mean age [95% CI] | 34.3 | [33.4:35.3] | 34.6 | [33.4;35.9] | 34.0 | [33.1;35.0] | |
| Total (N) | 4069 | 4069 | 2462 | 2462 | 1607 | 1607 | |
aInsufficient physical activity in this study was defined as self-reports of less than 150 min of moderate intensive activity or less than 75 min of vigorous intensive physical activity per week, including walking and cycling, b Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women, c High sugar intake was defined as self-reports of far too much or too much consumption of sugar in a day, d High blood pressure was defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or previous diagnosis of hypertension or being on antihypertensive therapy, e Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was defined as HDL-C < 1 mmol/l for men and < 1.3 mmol/l for women, f Tobacco use was defined as self-reported current use of smoked tobacco or smokeless tobacco products, g Harmful use of alcohol was defined as consumption of more than 1 standard drink (which is the amount of alcohol you find in a small beer, one glass of wine, or one tot of spirits) per day for females and more than 2 standard drinks for males, h Bad fat intake was defined as self-reported use of saturated fats e.g. lard, margarine, butter and vegetable fat for cooking, I High salt consumption was defined as self-report of far too much or too much consumption of actual salt y and in processed, adding salt when cooking and/or to cooked food, j diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose of 7 mmol/l or more or a self-report of previous diagnosis of diabetes by a health care professional or currently receiving treatment for diabetes, k Pre-diabetes was defined as impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) of 6.1 mmol/l to less than 7 mmol/l, l High cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol ≥5.0 mmol/L or are currently on medication for raised cholesterol, Missing data: Physical inactivity (52), sugar intake (1), Hypertension (16), HDL (1), BMI (155), alcohol intake (5), fat intake (3), total cholesterol (1), P-values derived from chi-square test
italicized p-values are significant