Table 2.

Sensitivity of Musculotendon Complexes to Shoulder Motion at Start and End Points of Propulsion

Muscle	Shoulder Elevation (Start Point)	Shoulder Elevation (End Point)	Shoulder Rotation (Start Point)	Shoulder Rotation (End Point)
Ant Deltoid	0.435*	−0.185	0.243	0.810**
Lat Deltoid	−1.409**	0.039	−0.779**	−0.175
Post Deltoid	−2.038**	0.288	−1.137**	−1.268**
Supraspinatus	0.118	−0.041	0.068	0.183
Infraspinatus	0.466*	−0.025	0.257	0.112
Subscapularis	−0.494*	0.028	−0.273	−0.124
Teres Minor	0.828**	0.038	0.456*	−0.169
Teres Major	1.493**	0.191	0.819**	−0.840**
Pectoralis Major	0.701*	−0.038	0.385	0.169
Latissimus Dorsi	1.369**	0.103	0.751**	−0.453*
Coracobrachialis	1.719**	−0.155	0.952**	0.683*
Triceps-Long	0.372	0.088	0.203	−0.385
Triceps-Medial	−0.287	−0.103	− 0.156	0.454*
Biceps-Long	0.778**	0.029	0.406*	−0.131
Biceps-Short	1.874**	0.008	1.010**	−0.037
Brachialis	0.318	0.077	0.172	−0.341

Values presented as dimensionless sensitivity coefficients with +/− 5% perturbation at the start and end points of propulsion; Shoulder thoracohumeral angles describe the arm position – consistent with the coordinate system used in the musculoskeletal model. The start point represents initial contact of the hand with the pushrim, and end point is the instant when the hand leaves the pushrim

* = Sensitive (coefficient magnitudes > 0.40); ** = Highly sensitive (coefficient magnitudes > 0.75)