Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers and offspring, by exposure
| Unexposed N=154,107 | Exposed N=40,387 | Exposure type | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Untreated depression N=12,994 | Treated depression N=25,778 | Other indications for antidepressant use N=1,615 | |||
| Maternal characteristics at cohort entry | |||||
| Year of cohort entry | |||||
| <1995 | 11,995 (7.8) | 3,051 (7.6) | 1,293 (10.0) | 1,663 (6.5) | 95 (5.9) |
| 1995–1999 | 29,623 (19.2) | 7,677 (19.0) | 2,773 (21.3) | 4,637 (18.0) | 267 (16.5) |
| 2000–2004 | 53,212 (34.5) | 14,007 (34.7) | 4,355 (33.5) | 9,139 (35.5) | 513 (31.8) |
| 2005–2009 | 52,027 (33.8) | 13,636 (33.8) | 5,080 (31.4) | 8,944 (34.7) | 612 (38.9) |
| 2010–2011 | 7,250 (4.7) | 2,016 (5.0) | 493 (2.8) | 1,395 (5.4) | 128 (7.9) |
| Age at cohort entry (years) | |||||
| 13–19 | 9,757 (6.3) | 2,341 (5.8) | 662 (5.1) | 1,563 (6.1) | 116 (7.2) |
| 20–24 | 31,904 (20.7) | 8,841 (21.9) | 3,008 (23.2) | 5,486 (21.3) | 347 (21.5) |
| 25–29 | 44,146 (28.7) | 11,201 (27.7) | 3,793 (29.2) | 6,964 (27.0) | 444 (27.5) |
| 30–34 | 43,218 (28.0) | 11,072 (27.4) | 3,469 (26.7) | 7,161 (27.8) | 442 (27.4) |
| 35–39 | 21,256 (13.8) | 5,796 (14.4) | 1,743 (13.4) | 3,833 (14.9) | 220 (13.6) |
| 40–45 | 3,826 (2.5) | 1,136 (2.8) | 319 (2.5) | 771 (3.0) | 46 (2.9) |
| BMI | |||||
| <18.5 | 4,815 (3.1) | 1,721 (4.3) | 553 (4.3) | 1,097 (4.3) | 71 (4.4) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 58,676 (38.1) | 16,687 (41.3) | 5,525 (42.5) | 10,494 (40.7) | 668 (41.4) |
| 25–29.9 | 23,216 (15.1) | 7,597 (18.8) | 2,541 (19.6) | 4,769 (18.5) | 287 (17.8) |
| ≥30 | 12,955 (8.4) | 5,919 (14.7) | 1,888 (14.5) | 3,839 (14.9) | 192 (11.9) |
| Unknown | 54,445 (35.3) | 8,463 (21.0) | 2,487 (19.1) | 5,579 (21.6) | 297 (24.6) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Nonsmoker | 67,525 (43.8) | 13,995 (34.7) | 4,733 (36.4) | 8,666 (33.6) | 596 (36.9) |
| Smoker | 27,848 (18.1) | 15,618 (38.7) | 5,126 (39.5) | 9,951 (38.6) | 541 (33.5) |
| Ex-smoker | 16,261 (10.6) | 5,837 (14.5) | 1,886 (14.5) | 3,721 (14.4) | 230 (14.2) |
| Unknown | 42,473 (27.6) | 4,937 (12.2) | 1,249 (9.6) | 3,440 (13.3) | 248 (15.4) |
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 79,179 (51.4) | 15,190 (37.6) | 4,792 (36.9) | 9,629 (37.4) | 769 (47.6) |
| 1 | 47,913 (31.1) | 13,877 (34.4) | 4,629 (35.6) | 8,768 (34.0) | 480 (29.7) |
| ≥2 | 18,699 (12.1) | 9,088 (22.5) | 2,828 (21.8) | 5,967 (21.2) | 293 (18.1) |
| Unknown | 8,316 (5.4) | 2,232 (5.5) | 745 (5.7) | 1,414 (5.5) | 73 (4.5) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Anxiety | 6,125 (4.0) | 12,735 (31.5) | 4,149 (31.9) | 8,101 (31.4) | 485 (30.0) |
| Other psychiatric diagnoses | 529 (0.3) | 2,260 (5.6) | 664 (5.1) | 1,514 (5.9) | 82 (5.1) |
| Alcohol abuse | 1,987 (1.3) | 1,595 (4.0) | 470 (3.6) | 1,093 (4.2) | 32 (2.0) |
| Drug abuse | 419 (0.3) | 1,130 (2.8) | 309 (2.4) | 797 (3.1) | 24 (1.5) |
| Hypertension | 1,424 (0.9) | 575 (1.4) | 161 (1.2) | 389 (1.5) | 25 (1.6) |
| Diabetes | 622 (0.4) | 295 (0.7) | 76 (0.6) | 205 (0.8) | 14 (0.9) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 323 (0.2) | 160 (0.4) | 42 (0.3) | 114 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1,218 (0.8) | 539 (1.3) | 156 (1.2) | 351 (1.4) | 32 (2.0) |
| Thyroid disease | 2,072 (1.3) | 972 (2.4) | 267 (2.1) | 679 (2.6) | 26 (1.6) |
| ASD (in mother) | 6 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| ADHD (in mother) | 64 (0.0) | 33 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 24 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Characteristics of offspring | |||||
| Child sex | |||||
| Female | 69,667 (45.2) | 18,308 (45.3) | 5,898 (45.4) | 11,682 (45.3) | 728 (45.1) |
| Male | 84,440 (54.8) | 22,079 (54.8) | 7,096 (54.6) | 14,096 (54.7) | 887 (54.9) |
| Years of follow-up | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 8.7±4.6 | 8.7±4.5 | 9.1±4.7 | 8.5±4.4 | 8.2±4.4 |
| Median | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 |
| IQR | 4.9–11.5 | 4.9–11.4 | 5.1–12.0 | 4.9–11.2 | 4.6–10.8 |
| Characteristics of ASD cases (N=2,154) | |||||
| ASD cases (n) | 1,500 | 654 | 196 | 446 | 12 |
| Child sex | |||||
| Female | 228 (15.2) | 116 (17.7) | 30 (15.3) | 83 (18.6) | 3 (25.0) |
| Male | 1,272 (84.8) | 538 (82.3) | 166 (84.7) | 363 (81.4) | 9 (75.0) |
| Age at ASD diagnosis (years) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 6.5±3.4 | 6.9±3.6 | 7.5±4.0 | 6.5±3.4 | 8.6±4.8 |
| Median | 5.6 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 7.9 |
| IQR | 3.8–8.7 | 3.9–9.2 | 3.5–10.2 | 3.6–8.6 | 4.8–11.3 |
| Birth order | |||||
| 1 | 812 (54.1) | 280 (42.8) | 81 (41.3) | 191 (42.8) | 8 (66.7) |
| 2 | 447 (29.8) | 204 (31.2) | 65 (33.2) | 137 (30.7) | 2 (16.7) |
| 3+ | 147 (9.8) | 130 (19.9) | 37 (18.9) | 91 (20.4) | 2 (16.7) |
| Unknown | 94 (6.3) | 40 (6.1) | 13 (6.6) | 27 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Note: Data are presented as n (%) throughout, unless otherwise indicated (mean, median, IQR).
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.