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. 2018 Nov 6;8:16390. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34566-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro electrochemical characterization. (A) Schematic of the MSC-16 design, color-coded to correlate with the graphs, filled and open symbols represent electrodes in the left, and right side, respectively. (B) SEM of the pyramidal topography of the TiN coating, scale bar = 100 nm. (C) Voltage transients of the TiN electrodes of different sizes. Dotted lines indicate the zero values. (D,E) EIS measurements of the TiN and Au electrodes. Circles represent the impedance and triangles the phase. (F,G) shows cyclic voltammetry measurements, voltage represents the electrode potential versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Top and bottom arrows in C indicate that measurements in current and voltage, respectively.