Table 1.
Fasting biochemical and dietary characteristics of pregnant women at 16 weeks gestation according to maternal BMI.
| Pregnancy-specific reference range | Overweight (n = 57) | Obese (n = 73) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age | NA | 32.0 (29.0 – 34.0) | 30.5 (28.0 – 34.0) | 0.299 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | NA | 27.9 (27.0 – 29.1) | 34.3 (31.8 – 41.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Gestational age (days) | NA | 112 (105 – 112) | 105 (98 – 112) | 0.008 |
| Insulin (μU/L) | NA | 4.9 (3.4 – 7.6) | 7.8 (5.7 – 10.75) | < 0.0001 |
| C-peptide (pg/mL) | NA | 0.5 (0.4 – 0.6) | 0.7 (0.5 – 0.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.2-4.4 | 4.3 (4.1 – 4.5) | 4.4 (4.1 – 4.6) | 0.125 |
| HbA1C (%) | 4.0-6.0 | 4.8 (4.7 – 5.0) | 4.9 (4.7 – 5.1) | 0.038 |
| HbA1C (mmol/mol) | 20-42 | 29 (28 – 31) | 30 (28 – 32) | 0.038 |
| HOMA-IR | NA | 0.7 (0.5 – 0.9) | 1.0 (0.7 – 1.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6-7.7 | 5.3 (4.7 – 5.8) | 5.3 (4.6 – 6.2) | 0.704 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4-2.3 | 1.9 (1.6 – 2.1) | 1.6 (1.4 – 1.9) | < 0.0001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.0-4.8 | 2.7 (2.3 – 3.3) | 3.0 (2.6 – 3.7) | 0.058 |
| VLDL (mmol/L) | 0.3-0.6 | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5 – 0.8) | 0.011 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.9-4.3 | 1.3 (0.8 – 1.6) | 1.4 (1.1 – 1.7) | 0.020 |
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 152.4 (121.0 – 201.4) | 155.9 (132.3 – 180.3) | 0.902 | |
| Protein (g/d) | 70.6 (56.9 – 98.1) | 77.6 (60.7 – 88.1) | 0.661 | |
| Fiber (g/d) | 17.7 (13.8 – 25.1) | 17.4 (13.7 – 21.1) | 0.358 | |
| Fat (g/day) | 59.9 (47.6 – 83.7) | 59.1 (49.9 – 82.4) | 0.885 | |
| Saturated fat (g/d) | 25.0 (18.6 – 35.8) | 27.0 (19.3 – 36.5) | 0.756 | |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 8.3 (5.6 – 12.4) | 7.1 (6.0 – 9.9) | 0.260 | |
| Monounsaturated fat (g/d) | 21.5 (17.4 – 29.3) | 22.3 (17.9 – 28.9) | 0.759 | |
| Starch (g/d) | 81.9 (56.7 – 112.3) | 85.0 (61.1 – 105.8) | 0.846 | |
| Total energy (Kj/d) | 6360 (4663 – 7837) | 6098 (5080 – 7671) | 0.806 | |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ND | |
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (%) | 3 (5.5) | 13 (17.8) | 0.06 | |
| Gestational age at delivery | 281 (274-287) | 285 (282-289) | 0.15 | |
| Cesarean section (%) | 14 (25) | 26 (36) | 0.25 | |
| Infant gender (F/M)$ | 26/23 | 37/28 | 0.70 | |
| Infant birth weight | 3570 (3230-3944) | 3615 (3273-3831) | 0.96 |
Data is presented as median (IQR) when not indicated otherwise; Differences determined by Mann-Whitney U comparisons for continuous variables and Fisher's exact tests for proportions; NA, not applicable/no specific pregnancy range;
*
Ranges presented for the second trimester of pregnancy for women, not specific for BMI categories63;
#
Women who developed gestational diabetes mellitus were excluded from this sub-study; $ infant gender not known for 8 infants of overweight and 7 obese mothers.