Table 2.
Relative risk ratios of all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk among current and former smokers compared with never smokers, U.S. adults ages 35+ years
| Female |
Male |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Causes of Death | Current Smoker |
Former Smoker |
Current Smoker |
Former Smoker |
| All-Cause Mortality | 2.29*** | 1.35*** | 2.24*** | 1.30*** |
| Diseases Established as Caused by Smoking | ||||
| Lip and oral cavity cancer | 4.34*** | 1.61 | 3.97*** | 1.09 |
| Esophageal cancer | 2.29** | 1.41 | 3.50*** | 1.84*** |
| Stomach cancer | 1.92** | 0.96 | 1.69* | 1.33 |
| Colorectal cancer | 1.52*** | 1.09 | 1.30* | 1.23* |
| Liver cancer | 1.43 | 1.14 | 2.98*** | 1.91*** |
| Pancreatic cancer | 2.04*** | 1.15 | 2.23*** | 1.20 |
| Laryngeal cancer | 26.11*** | 6.45** | 13.23*** | 3.24* |
| Lung cancer | 18.81*** | 6.39*** | 13.79*** | 4.36*** |
| Cervical cancer | 2.28*** | 1.66† | — | — |
| Urinary bladder cancer | 3.97*** | 2.67*** | 6.28*** | 2.93*** |
| Kidney and renal pelvis cancer | 1.77† | 1.82** | 1.91** | 1.30 |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 2.00* | 1.30 | 1.51 | 1.29 |
| Diabetes | 1.63*** | 1.41*** | 1.50*** | 1.25** |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2.07*** | 1.25*** | 2.17*** | 1.25*** |
| Other heart disease | 1.57*** | 1.12* | 1.57*** | 1.11† |
| Stroke | 1.71*** | 1.06 | 1.56*** | 1.07 |
| Atherosclerosis | 2.39** | 1.28 | 1.95† | 1.12 |
| Aortic aneurysm | 8.05*** | 2.83*** | 8.34*** | 2.59*** |
| Other arterial diseases | 3.52*** | 1.41 | 3.46*** | 1.70* |
| Pneumonia, influenza, and tuberculosis | 2.33*** | 1.33** | 2.02*** | 1.17† |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 17.65*** | 7.01*** | 10.58*** | 4.02*** |
| Additional Diseases Associated With Smoking | ||||
| All other infections | 2.18*** | 1.26* | 1.83*** | 1.43*** |
| Breast cancer | 1.21** | 1.16† | — | — |
| Prostate cancer | — | — | 1.33* | 1.13 |
| Rare cancers | 1.57*** | 1.12 | 2.20*** | 1.39** |
| Cancers of unknown site | 2.98*** | 1.47** | 4.15*** | 1.45* |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 1.85*** | 1.16 | 1.78*** | 1.06 |
| Essential hypertension/hypertensive renal disease | 2.13*** | 1.19 | 1.46 | 0.71 |
| All other respiratory diseases | 1.56** | 1.66*** | 1.99*** | 1.36** |
| Intestinal ischemia | 2.86*** | 1.66* | 3.37*** | 1.11 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 2.07*** | 1.21 | 3.64*** | 1.23 |
| All other digestive diseases | 2.16*** | 1.35** | 2.18*** | 1.24† |
| Renal failure | 1.40* | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.05 |
| Additional rare causes combined | 1.41** | 1.09 | 1.31 | 0.87 |
| Unknown causes | 2.04*** | 0.98 | 1.40* | 1.22 |
Notes: Models adjust for age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, region, BMI, and health insurance status. Diseases established as caused by smoking are those recognized by the surgeon general (U.S. DHHS 2014). Additional diseases associated with smoking are those compiled by Carter et al. (2015). Dashes indicate sex-specific causes of death (e.g., cervical and breast cancer among women and prostate cancer among men).
Source: 1990–2011 NHIS-LMF
†
p < .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001