Table 1.
Comparison of birth mother features by year of infantile hemangioma diagnosis
| Feature | 1976–1990 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=266 | N=257 | N=346 | ||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| Age at delivery | 27 (24–30) | 29 (26–33) | 29.5 (26–33) | <0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (N=815) | 21.5 (19.9–23.9) | 22.8 (20.6–26.2) | 23.9 (21.4–27.0) | <0.001 |
| Gravida (N=868)* | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.40 |
| Para (N=868)† | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.88 |
| Race (N=815) | N (%) | |||
| White | 237 (98) | 222 (93) | 285 (85) | <0.001 |
| Non-white | 4 (2) | 17 (7) | 50 (15) | |
| Prenatal care (N=836) | ||||
| Early | 232 (90) | 228 (92) | 296 (89) | 0.68 |
| Late or none | 25 (10) | 20 (8) | 35 (11) | |
| Delivery type (N=866) | ||||
| Vaginal | 160 (60) | 157 (61) | 230 (67) | <0.001 |
| Cesarean | 40 (15) | 55 (21) | 92 (27) | |
| Vaginal vacuum-assisted | 7 (3) | 12 (5) | 10 (3) | |
| Vaginal forceps-assisted | 58 (22) | 32 (13) | 13 (4) | |
| Fertility treatment | ||||
| Medication | 6 (2) | 18 (7) | 8 (2) | 0.83 |
| Assisted reproductive technology | 1 (<1) | 12 (5) | 21 (6) | <0.001 |
| Other | 1 (<1) | 0 | 0 | 0.19 |
| Any of the above | 7 (3) | 24 (9) | 28 (8) | 0.012 |
| Maternal medication | ||||
| Progesterone | 1 (<1) | 29 (11) | 64 (19) | <0.001 |
| Tocolytic | 12 (5) | 25 (10) | 20 (6) | 0.65 |
| Nifedipine (N=866) | 0 | 0 | 1 (<1) | 0.28 |
| Indomethacin (N=866) | 3 (1) | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 0.73 |
| Terbutaline (N=866) | 10 (4) | 19 (7) | 12 (3) | 0.74 |
| Magnesium sulfate (N=866) | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Other tocolytic (N=866) | 7 (3) | 10 (4) | 7 (2) | 0.59 |
| Beta-blocker | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.79 |
| Non beta-blocker anti-hypertensive | 2 (1) | 1 (<1) | 2 (1) | 0.80 |
| Corticosteroid | 6 (2) | 17 (7) | 43 (12) | <0.001 |
| Any of the above | 16 (6) | 60 (23) | 99 (29) | <0.001 |
| Invasive antepartum procedures | ||||
| Amniocentesis | 20 (8) | 33 (13) | 17 (5) | 0.16 |
| Chorionic villus sampling | 0 | 1 (<1) | 8 (2) | 0.004 |
| Other | 1 (<1) | 2 (1) | 0 | 0.38 |
| Any of the above | 21 (8) | 36 (14) | 25 (7) | 0.62 |
| Placental abnormalities | ||||
| Single umbilical artery | 0 | 0 | 3 (1) | 0.059 |
| Placenta previa | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 4 (1) | 0.23 |
| Placenta accrete/percreta/increta | 0 | 0 | 1 (<1) | 0.28 |
| Placental abruption | 4 (2) | 9 (4) | 11 (3) | 0.23 |
| Other | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | 9 (3) | 0.34 |
| Any of the above | 9 (3) | 15 (6) | 28 (8) | 0.015 |
| Maternal complications | ||||
| Twin gestation | 11 (4) | 18 (7) | 25 (7) | 0.13 |
| Triplet gestation | 0 | 4 (2) | 0 | 0.82 |
| Gestational diabetes | 3 (1) | 15 (6) | 26 (8) | <0.001 |
| Pre-existing diabetes | 1 (<1) | 3 (1) | 5 (1) | 0.20 |
| Gestational hypertension | 14 (5) | 13 (5) | 18 (5) | 0.98 |
| Pre-existing hypertension | 2 (1) | 4 (2) | 4 (1) | 0.68 |
| Anemia | 19 (7) | 24 (9) | 27 (8) | 0.82 |
| Preeclampsia/eclampsia | 5 (2) | 5 (2) | 9 (3) | 0.53 |
| Gestational hypertension or pre/eclampsia | 18 (7) | 16 (6) | 26 (8) | 0.69 |
| HELLP syndrome | 0 | 1 (<1) | 3 (1) | 0.11 |
| Hypothyroidism | 7 (3) | 12 (5) | 7 (2) | 0.57 |
| PPROM | 5 (2) | 16 (6) | 20 (6) | 0.031 |
| IUGR | 6 (2) | 3 (1) | 8 (2) | 0.90 |
| Breech presentation | 13 (5) | 23 (9) | 24 (7) | 0.40 |
| Vaginal bleeding | 24 (9) | 22 (9) | 30 (9) | 0.89 |
| Oligohydramnios | 2 (1) | 4 (2) | 10 (3) | 0.048 |
| Polyhydramnios | 3 (1) | 4 (2) | 1 (<1) | 0.24 |
| UTI | 14 (5) | 16 (6) | 23 (7) | 0.48 |
| Tobacco use | 38 (14) | 33 (13) | 33 (10) | 0.068 |
| Alcohol use | 0 | 0 | 3 (1) | 0.059 |
| Other substance use | 0 | 1 (<1) | 8 (2) | 0.004 |
| Other | 62 (23) | 80 (31) | 111 (32) | 0.021 |
| Any of the above | 142 (53) | 177 (69) | 221 (64) | 0.014 |
| Any of the above excluding other | 116 (44) | 143 (56) | 173 (50) | 0.16 |
*
Mean gravida was 2.0, 2.5, and 2.3, respectively.
†
Mean para was 1.8, 1.9, and 1.8, respectively.
NA: Not applicable