Table 8. Predictors of ambulation refusal >30% of possible ambulation events.
| Variables | Low refusals group (<30%) (n=74) | High refusals group (>30%) (n=53) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| mLOS, mean (interquartile range) (hours) | 100.5 (75.5) | 143.0 (146.5) | N/A |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 | 27.3 | 0.380 |
| PMH obesity, n (%) | 26 (35.1) | 14 (26.4) | 0.300 |
| PMH morbid obesity, n (%) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (1.9) | 0.640 |
| ETOH use, n (%) | 3 (4.1) | 4 (7.5) | 0.450 |
| GERD, n (%) | 30 (40.5) | 15 (28.3) | 0.160 |
| Diabetes, type I, n (%) | 5 (6.8) | 4 (7.5) | 0.560 |
| Diabetes, type II, n (%) | 16 (21.6) | 5 (9.4) | 0.070 |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 8 (10.8) | 9 (17.0) | 0.310 |
| COPD, n (%) | 8 (10.8) | 9 (17.0) | 0.310 |
| Mobility disorder†, n (%) | 26 (35.1) | 19 (35.8) | 0.930 |
| Psychiatric disorder*, n (%) | 17 (23.0) | 22 (41.5) | 0.030 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 31 (41.9) | 29 (54.7) | 0.150 |
| Duration of surgery (minutes) | 248.6 | 232.8 | 0.420 |
| Total morphine equivalence (TME), mean (interquartile range) | 36 (62.8) | 46 (89.5) | 0.630 |
| Average postop pain score | 6.1 | 6.5 | 0.580 |
| Use of epidural, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 0.580 |
| IV Tylenol, n (%) | 63 (85.1) | 46 (86.8) | 0.790 |
| Use of Alvimopan, n (%) | 36 (48.6) | 19 (35.8) | 0.150 |
| Use of PCA, n (%) | 28 (37.8) | 27 (50.9) | 0.140 |
| Return to OR within 90 days, n (%) | 12 (16.2) | 7 (13.2) | 0.640 |
| Intervention for minor complication within 90 days, n (%) | 19 (25.7) | 17 (32.1) | 0.430 |
| Intervention for major complication within 90 days, n (%) | 18 (24.3) | 15 (28.3) | 0.610 |
| Intervention for any complication within 90 days, n (%) | 24 (32.4) | 21 (39.6) | 0.400 |
| Minor complication, n (%) | 9 (12.2) | 15 (28.3) | 0.020 |
| Major complication, n (%) | 8 (10.8) | 12 (22.6) | 0.070 |
| Any complications, n (%) | 15 (20.3) | 22 (41.5) | 0.009 |
*, includes diagnoses of depression, anxiety, ADHD, insomnia, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; †, includes diagnoses of scoliosis, foot drop, restless leg syndrome, chronic leg swelling, osteoporosis, ankylosing spondylitis, chronic pain, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, degenerative joint disease, degenerative disc disease, spondylolysis, spinal stenosis, sarcoidosis, and multiple sclerosis. mLOS, median length of stay; BMI, body mass index; PMH, past medical history; ETOH, ethanol; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IV, intravenous; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia; IV, intravenous; OR, operating room; ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.