Table 2.
Salivary compounds and their effects on Leishmania infection.
| Compound | Immunomodulatory effect | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Promastigote secretory gel (PSG) | ↑ Arg ↑ IL-1β ↑ IL-6 ↑ IL-10 ↑ TNF-α ↑ CCL2 ↑ CCL4 ↑ CCL3 ↑ CXCL2 ↑ FGFR2 ↑ EGF ↑ EGFR ↑ IGF1 |
(77) 78) |
|
| Salivary Gland Homogenate (SGH) | ↑ MCP-1 ↑ CCR2 ↑ IL-10 ↑ Eosinophils ↑ Macrophages ↑ IFN-γ ↑ IL-13 ↑ IL-5 |
↓ iNOS ↓ NO ↓ IFN-γ ↓ IL-13 ↓ IL-5 |
(79) (80, 81) (82) |
| Salivary Gland Lysate (SGL) | ↑ IL-4 ↑ IL-6 |
↓ IFN-γ ↓ IL-12 ↓ iNOS |
(83, 84) (85–88) |
| Salivary Gland Extracts (SGE) | ↑ IL-10 ↑ IL-4 ↑ CD8 ↑ INF-γ ↑ CD4 |
↓ NO | (89) (90) |
| Salivary Gland Sonicate (SGS) | ↑ IL-4 ↑ PGE2 ↑ Macrophages ↑ LTB4 |
↓ IFN-γ | (91, 92) |
| Maxadilan (max) | ↑ IL-6 ↑ IL-10 ↑ TGF-β ↑ CD86 |
↓ IL-1β ↓ IL-12p70 ↓ TNF-α ↓ IFN-γ ↓ CD80 ↓ CCR7 |
(87, 93, 94) |
| Adenosine | ↑ IL-10 | (73) | |
|
↑ PGE2 |
|||
CCR, chemokine receptor; CD, cluster of differentiation; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NO, nitric oxide; PG, prostaglandin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; CCL, chemokines; CXCL, motif chemokine ligand; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor; IGF, Insulin-like growth factor.