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. 2018 Oct 31;9:2447. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02447

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Copyright © 2018 Sheppe, Kummari, Walker, Richards, Hui, Lee, Mangum, Borazjani, Ross and Edelmann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of PGE2 on macrophage polarization. (A,B). THP-1 macrophages were pre-treated with PGE2 (2 μM) or equal (v/v%) concentration of ethanol vehicle control for 2 h before infection with wild-type S. Typhimurium or Y. enterocolitica (MOI of 50:1, times as displayed in figures). Transcripts analysis of polarization targets in human THP-1 macrophages were measured by RT-(q)PCR (n = 6 or higher). Reference genes were determined experimentally for each time point from a set of four potential genes. A single reference gene (RPL37A, GAPDH or TBP) was used for all trials at the indicated time point. (B) Down- or upregulation of the transcripts in PGE2-treated infected cells compared to vehicle-treated infected cells is shown. p-values were indicated as follows: ^∗p ≤ 0.05; ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01; ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001; ^∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001.