. 2018 Oct 1;8(10):1900–1918.

Table 3.

Optogenetic tolls in the nervous central system tumors treatment performed in in vitro and in vivo models published in 2013 and 2014

Publications	Neuron Cell Population	Light Color	Light Stimulation	Photoactivatable protein	Tumor Effect
Yang et al., 2013 [128]	Cell lines U87, U251, Ai72 and H4	Blue	30 min, 1 cycle, 10 m/mm²	opsin ChETA	(1) Decreased cell progression and proliferation: down-regulated expression levels of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E
					(2) Increased mitochondria-dependent apoptosis: increased expression of Caspase-3 and cytosolic cytochrome-C
					(3) Increased ChETA expression
Figueiredo et al., 2014 [129]	Cerebral cortices, cerebellum and brainstem of Wistar rat pups	Blue	60 sec, 1 cycle, 561 nm	ChR2	(1) Increased ChR2 [Ca²⁺] elevations
					(2) Increased CatCh [Ca²⁺] elevations
					(3) Increased optoα1AR (Gq-coupled) and optoβ2AR (Gs-coupled) [Ca²⁺] elevations and activation of phospholipase C and adenylate cyclase signals, respectively
					(4) Autocrine action of ATP (blocking of the bulk of [Ca²⁺] responses evoked using either optoAR
Venkatesh et al., 2015 [90]	SU-pcGBM2	Blue	30 sec, 1 cycle, 473 nm, 20 Hz	NLGN3	(1) Decreased NLGN3: inhibition of PI3K-mTOR pathway and mitotic activity
Venkatesh et al., 2015 [90]	SU-pcGBM2	Blue	30 sec, 1 cycle, 473 nm, 20 Hz	NLGN3	(2) Increased animal model survival: Neuroligin-3 expression was inversely correlated with survival in human high grade glioblastoma
Johung et al., 2014 [130]	Pediatric high-grade gliomas	Blue	30 min, 470 nm, 20 Hz	ChR2	(1) ChR2 expression: increased the mitotic index by around 50% (P<0.05)
Johung et al., 2014 [130]	Pediatric high-grade gliomas	Blue	30 min, 470 nm, 20 Hz	ChR2	(2) Increased animal model survival: Neuroligin-3 expression was inversely correlated with survival in human high grade glioblastoma

Opsin ChETA: gene Channelrhodopsin-2 variant; CatCh: Ca²⁺ translocating channelrhodopsin; optoα1AR: opto-adrenoceptors; optoβ2AR: opto-betaceptors; NLGN3: Neuroligin-3.