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. 2018 Nov 7;9:4661. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07052-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Action potential generation in a VO₂ active memristor neuron. a Circuit diagram of a VO₂ memristor neuron, consisting of two resistively coupled Pearson-Anson relaxation oscillators (R_L1, C₁, X₁ and R_L2, C₂, X₂, respectively). The negatively-biased memristor X₁ acts as the voltage-gated Na⁺ channel, and the positively-biased memristor X₂ acts as the voltage-gated K⁺ channel. Capacitors C₁ and C₂ are the corresponding membrane capacitances. b Basic steps in action potential (spike) generation of a VO₂ neuron. (1) Resting state, in which both the Na⁺ and K⁺ channels are closed. A resting potential of 0.2–0.3 V is produced by a membrane leakage current flowing through the VO₂ devices in their insulating state. (2) Hyperpolarization caused by the activation of the Na⁺ channel, which drives the membrane potential toward negative direction. (3) Depolarization caused by the activation of the K⁺ channel, which drives the membrane potential toward positive direction. (4) Refractory (undershoot), during which the neuron is recovering and does not respond to another stimulus. The central plots are experimental and simulated action potentials (top), the Na⁺ channel membrane potential V_Na (middle), and simulated Na⁺ and K⁺ channel currents (bottom)