Fig. 4.

The 23 biological neuron spiking behaviors experimentally demonstrated in single VO₂ active memristor neurons. a Tonic spiking. b Phasic spiking. c Tonic bursting. d Phasic bursting. e Mixed mode. f Spike frequency adaptation. g Class 1 excitable. h Class 2 excitable. i Spike latency. j Subthreshold oscillations. k Resonator. l Integrator. m Rebound spike. n Rebound burst. o Threshold variability. p Bistability. q Depolarizing after-potential. r Accommodation. s Inhibition-induced spiking. t Inhibition-induced bursting. u All-or-nothing firing. v Refractory period. w Excitation block. All the behaviors are measured from a single tonic, phasic, or mixed-mode neuron circuit that consist of only 2 VO₂ active memristors and 4 or 5 passive R, C elements. For more details, see Supplementary Figs. 10–34