Table 2.
Multivariable adjusted summary estimates from meta-analyses of association between lifestyle factors and diagnosis-specific sickness absence
| Age and sex adjusted (model 1) | Model 1 plus SES (model 2) | Model 2 plus adjustment for chronic disease and other lifestyle factors (model 3) | Model 2 excluding participants with a chronic disease (model 4) | Model 2 including only participants with a chronic disease (model 5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sickness absence due to musculoskeletal diseases | |||||
| Smoking vs non-smoking | 1·69 (1·54–1·85) | 1·33 (1·21–1·45) | 1·35 (1·23–1·48) | 1·43 (1·26–1·63) | 1·18 (1·04–1·34) |
| High vs moderate alcohol consumption | 1·11 (1·02–1·22) | 1·10 (1·01–1·21) | 1·04 (0·95–1·14) | 1·03 (0·91–1·17) | 1·03 (0·90–1·18) |
| Heavy episodic drinking vs no episodic drinking | 1·15 (1·00–1·33) | 1·05 (0·91–1·21) | 0·95 (0·82–1·09) | 1·06 (0·86–1·31) | 0·94 (0·78–1·13) |
| Overweight vs normal weight | 1·46 (1·36–1·58) | 1·37 (1·28–1·48) | 1·37 (1·26–1·48) | 1·29 (1·17–1·43) | 1·31 (1·17–1·46) |
| Obesity vs normal weight | 2·12 (1·90–2·37) | 1·86 (1·67–2·07) | 1·82 (1·62–2·03) | 1·50 (1·27–1·77) | 1·73 (1·50–1·98) |
| Low physical activity vs moderate and high activity | 1·46 (1·34–1·59) | 1·34 (1·23–1·45) | 1·22 (1·12–1·34) | 1·21 (1·07–1·36) | 1·29 (1·16–1·44) |
| Sickness absence due to depressive disorders | |||||
| Smoking vs non-smoking | 1·93 (1·61–2·31) | 1·95 (1·63–2·33) | 1·93 (1·59–2·33) | 1·76 (1·37–2·27) | 1·63 (1·27–2·09) |
| High vs moderate alcohol consumption | 1·27 (1·07–1·51) | 1·30 (1·09–1·55) | 1·06 (0·88–1·28) | 1·37 (1·07–1·74) | 1·09 (0·84–1·40) |
| Heavy episodic drinking vs no episodic drinking | 1·85 (1·37–2·50) | 1·77 (1·30–2·39) | 1·79 (1·31–2·44) | 2·28 (1·38–3·76) | 1·38 (0·95–2·00) |
| Overweight vs normal weight | 1·22 (1·05–1·41) | 1·19 (1·03–1·38) | 1·18 (1·01–1·37) | 1·08 (0·87–1·33) | 1·13 (0·91–1·40) |
| Obesity vs normal weight | 1·61 (1·30–2·00) | 1·63 (1·32–2·03) | 1·62 (1·29–2·03) | 1·51 (1·07–2·12) | 1·26 (0·96–1·65) |
| Low physical activity vs moderate and high activity | 1·78 (1·51–2·10) | 1·73 (1·47–2·04) | 1·52 (1·27–1·81) | 1·63 (1·29–2·07) | 1·57 (1·26–1·96) |
| Sickness absence due to external causes | |||||
| Smoking vs non-smoking | 1·53 (1·35–1·73) | 1·35 (1·19–1·53) | 1·34 (1·17–1·52) | 1·40 (1·19–1·64) | 1·26 (1·03–1·54) |
| High vs moderate alcohol consumption | 1·18 (1·04–1·33) | 1·22 (1·08–1·37) | 1·19 (1·05–1·36) | 1·19 (1·02–1·38) | 1·20 (0·98–1·47) |
| Heavy episodic drinking vs no episodic drinking | 1·75 (1·42–2·17) | 1·68 (1·36–2·07) | 1·60 (1·28–1·98) | 1·61 (1·20–2·15) | 1·65 (1·21–2·24) |
| Overweight vs normal weight | 1·28 (1·15–1·42) | 1·21 (1·09–1·34) | 1·24 (1·11–1·38) | 1·22 (1·07–1·39) | 1·12 (0·94–1·33) |
| Obesity vs normal weight | 1·70 (1·46–1·98) | 1·57 (1·35–1·83) | 1·57 (1·34–1·83) | 1·54 (1·25–1·91) | 1·34 (1·07–1·66) |
| Low physical activity vs moderate and high activity | 1·04 (0·93–1·16) | 0·98 (0·88–1·10) | 0·86 (0·76–0·97) | 0·91 (0·79–1·06) | 0·93 (0·78–1·11) |
| Sickness absence due to circulatory diseases | |||||
| Smoking vs non-smoking | 1·70 (1·38–2·10) | 1·59 (1·28–1·97) | 1·64 (1·32–2·05) | 1·71 (1·28–2·30) | 1·55 (1·13–2·13) |
| High vs moderate alcohol consumption | 0·94 (0·76–1·16) | 0·91 (0·74–1·13) | 0·87 (0·69–1·09) | 0·82 (0·61–1·10) | 1·00 (0·72–1·37) |
| Heavy episodic drinking vs no episodic drinking | 1·27 (0·90–1·78) | 1·27 (0·90–1·79) | 1·18 (0·83–1·69) | 1·13 (0·70–1·84) | 1·23 (0·76–1·99) |
| Overweight vs normal weight | 1·38 (1·15–1·64) | 1·29 (1·08–1·55) | 1·32 (1·10–1·59) | 1·07 (0·84–1·37) | 1·51 (1·14–1·99) |
| Obesity vs normal weight | 2·24 (1·73–2·89) | 2·11 (1·63–2·73) | 2·05 (1·57–2·68) | 1·94 (1·31–2·87) | 2·06 (1·46–2·90) |
| Low physical activity vs moderate and high activity | 1·46 (1·20–1·78) | 1·37 (1·13–1·67) | 1·22 (0·99–1·50) | 1·16 (0·89–1·53) | 1·33 (1·00–1·77) |
| Sickness absence due to respiratory diseases | |||||
| Smoking vs non-smoking | 1·41 (1·28–1·56) | 1·28 (1·16–1·42) | 1·29 (1·17–1·43) | 1·16 (1·03–1·29) | 1·52 (1·23–1·86) |
| High vs moderate alcohol consumption | 1·08 (0·99–1·18) | 1·14 (1·04–1·25) | 1·15 (1·05–1·27) | 0·97 (0·88–1·07) | 1·53 (1·26–1·86) |
| Heavy episodic drinking vs no episodic drinking | 1·45 (1·10–1·93) | 1·45 (1·09–1·92) | 1·27 (0·96–1·69) | 1·23 (0·81–1·86) | 1·48 (1·00–2·19) |
| Overweight vs normal weight | 1·07 (0·99–1·16) | 1·02 (0·95–1·11) | 1·04 (0·96–1·13) | 1·06 (0·97–1·16) | 0·92 (0·78–1·10) |
| Obesity vs normal weight | 1·56 (1·38–1·77) | 1·53 (1·35–1·73) | 1·45 (1·28–1·65) | 1·39 (1·20–1·61) | 1·47 (1·17–1·84) |
| Low physical activity vs moderate and high activity | 1·68 (1·54–1·84) | 1·42 (1·30–1·55) | 1·33 (1·21–1·46) | 1·38 (1·25–1·52) | 1·38 (1·15–1·65) |
| Sickness absence due to digestive diseases | |||||
| Smoking vs non-smoking | 1·30 (1·09–1·54) | 1·13 (0·96–1·35) | 1·18 (0·99–1·41) | 0·99 (0·80–1·22) | 1·35 (1·01–1·82) |
| High vs moderate alcohol consumption | 1·10 (0·94–1·30) | 1·09 (0·93–1·28) | 1·05 (0·89–1·24) | 1·09 (0·89–1·32) | 0·99 (0·74–1·32) |
| Heavy episodic drinking vs no episodic drinking | 0·89 (0·63–1·25) | 0·85 (0·60–1·19) | 0·80 (0·56–1·14) | 0·79 (0·49–1·28) | 0·84 (0·51–1·37) |
| Overweight vs normal weight | 1·08 (0·93–1·24) | 0·99 (0·86–1·15) | 1·01 (0·87–1·17) | 0·99 (0·83–1·18) | 0·94 (0·73–1·22) |
| Obesity vs normal weight | 1·94 (1·56–2·42) | 1·75 (1·41–2·17) | 1·73 (1·38–2·17) | 1·77 (1·32–2·37) | 1·37 (0·98–1·92) |
| Low physical activity vs moderate and high activity | 1·30 (1·11–1·51) | 1·29 (1·11–1·50) | 1·15 (0·98–1·35) | 1·28 (1·06–1·54) | 1·12 (0·87–1·45) |
Data are rate ratio (95% CI) adjusted for each model. Sensitivity analyses (models 4 and 5) were stratified by chronic disease at baseline. Results for models adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and chronic disease are provided in figure 1.