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. 2018 Oct 31;9:2596. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02596

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Copyright © 2018 Barbezange, Jones, Blanc, Isakov, Celniker, Enouf, Shomron, Vignuzzi and van der Werf.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Representation of the global mutation frequencies according to season and group of interest. Values were calculated from the data obtained with LoFreq at a 0.005 threshold. Each symbol represents one segment of one sample: polymerase sub-unit PB2: olive; polymerase sub-unit PB1: green; polymerase sub-unit PA: purple; hemagglutinin HA: red; nucleoprotein NP: dark blue; neuraminidase NA: pink; matrix and ion channel proteins M: orange; non-structural protein and nuclear export protein NS: light blue. For pre-pandemic sH1N1 viruses, groups were based on the oseltamivir-resistance mutation H275Y (275H: sensitive; 275Y: resistant) in the neuraminidase; for both H3N2 and pandemic pH1N1 viruses, groups were based on the severity according to the network of sampling (mild through community physicians, severe through hospitals).