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. 2018 Nov 2;10:355–367. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S158600

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© 2018 Denis. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Physiology associated with SP.

Notes: (A) Hypnograms of five participants reporting SP. Each arrow indicates the awakening points when the participant reported SP. Note the close association between SP and REM sleep. Taken from the study by Takeuchi et al.65 (B) PSG recording during an SP episode. EEG shows REM activity mixed with abundant alpha. Both rapid and slow eye movements can be seen in the EOG channels. Muscle activity (measured by the EMG) remains flat throughout until the participant fully awakens at the end of the recording. Taken from the study by Takeuchi et al.15 (C) Spectral EEG data showing (clockwise from top-left) eyes closed waking, REM sleep, SP, and “reconstructed” SP by statistical combination of waking and REM sleep activity. Taken from the study by Terzaghi et al.66 (D) The AIM state-space model.69 SP is characterized by high activation, mixed internal/external input, and mixed neuromodulation.

Abbreviations: AIM, activation-input-modulation; FFT, fast Fourier transform; LD, lucid dreaming; NREM, nonrapid eye movement sleep; REM, rapid eye movement sleep; SP, sleep paralysis.