Fig. 4.

Ibuprofen suppressed LPS-induced inflammation in Atm^−/− cerebellum. a–d Microglia staining. e–h Astrocytes staining. LPS specifically induced higher microglial (c) and astrocytic (g) activation in Atm^−/− deep cerebellar nuclei, while ibuprofen supplementation reversed this effect (d, h). Quantification shows the same trend even though significance was achieved for microglial (i) but not astrocytic (j) cells. TNFα and IL1β levels in the whole cerebellum were measured by ELISA (k, l). Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 4 for each group. Student’s unpaired t test was used to analyze the difference between Atm^+/+ and Atm^−/− groups without any treatments. Two-way ANOVA was used for analyzing differences in LPS and ibuprofen treatments within the same genotype. ** p < 0.01 as indicated in graphs; ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 between saline and LPS groups within the same genotype