Fig. 6.

Ibuprofen protects the ATM-deficient brain by reducing Purkinje damage. Representative images of cyclin A (a–d), γ-H2AX (e–h) and nuclear HDAC4 (i–l) in WT Atm^−/− PCs under LPS and ibuprofen treatments are shown. Under normal conditions, ibuprofen had little effect on most parameters measured (m–o). After a 4-day LPS injection, however, ibuprofen pretreatment was able to suppress all three types of damage in Atm^−/− PCs but not in Atm^+/+ PCs (a–l). Quantification confirmed these results (m–o). White arrows indicate PCs with respective damage markers. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 4–9. Student’s unpaired t test was used to analyze the difference between Atm^+/+ and Atm^−/− groups without any treatments. Two-way ANOVA was used for analyzing differences in the effects of LPS injection and ibuprofen within the same genotype. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 as indicated; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 between saline and LPS injected groups with the same genotype